Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of EPS and ENS on the Survival Rate of Zebrafish Embryos
2.2. Performance of EPS-ENS Doses on the Zebrafish Embryos Mortality
2.3. Performance of EPS and ENS Doses on the Zebrafish Embryos Hatching Capability
2.4. The Effects of EPS and ENS on the Heart Rate of Zebrafish Embryos
2.5. Performance of EPS and ENS Doses on the Morphology of Larvae and Zebrafish Embryos Development
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. European Ganoderma Applanatum Bioreactor Fermentation
4.2. G. applanatum EPS-ENS Preparations
4.3. Zebrafish Maintenance and Breeding
4.4. Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET) Assay
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Toxicological Model | Non-Toxic Concentrations (μg/mL) | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) | Endopolysaccharide (ENS) | |||
G. applanatum BGS6Ap | In vivo—Zebrafish embryos and larvae | 1410 | 870 | Current study |
G. lucidum QRS 5120 | In vivo—Zebrafish embryos and larvae | 2648 | NA | [11] |
G. lucidum BCCM 31549 | In vitro—normal human prostate cell line (PN2TA) | 500 | NA | [48] |
G. lucidum | In vitro—normal human lung cell (WRL68) | 1000 | NA | [49] |
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Wan-Mohtar, W.A.A.Q.I.; Ilham, Z.; Jamaludin, A.A.; Rowan, N. Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041675
Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Ilham Z, Jamaludin AA, Rowan N. Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041675
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Mohtar, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad, Zul Ilham, Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin, and Neil Rowan. 2021. "Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041675