Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Immunotherapy Moieties: Antigens, Adjuvants and Agonists
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials
2.1. Endogenous Stimuli
2.2. Exogenous Stimuli
3. Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Antigens, Adjuvants and Agonists
3.1. Antigens
3.1.1. Endogenous Stimuli
3.1.2. Exogenous Stimuli
3.2. Adjuvants
3.2.1. Endogenous Stimuli
3.2.2. Exogenous Stimuli
3.3. Agonists
3.3.1. Endogenous Stimuli
3.3.2. Exogeneous Stimuli
3.4. Codelivery of Antigens and Adjuvants
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
1. | APC | Antigen presenting cells |
2. | APNA | Activatable polymer nanoagonist |
3. | ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
4. | CCPS | Chimeric cross-linked polymersomes |
5. | CD8+ | Cytotoxic T cells |
6. | CD4+ | Helper T cells |
7. | CD44 | Cluster of differentiation-44 |
8. | Ce6 | Chlorin e6 |
9. | cGAMP | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
10. | CHex-Dex | 2-carboxycyclohexane-1-carboxylated dextran |
11. | CHex-HA | 2-carboxycyclohexane-1-carboxylated hyaluronic acid |
12. | CO2 | Carbon-dioxide |
13. | CpG | 5′-C-phosphate-G-3′ (Oligonucleotide) |
14. | CRT | Calreticulin |
15. | CTL | Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
16. | CTLA-4 | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 |
17. | DCs | Dendritic cells |
18. | DNA | Deoxy-ribo nucleic acid |
19. | DOPE | 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoetanolamine |
20. | DMAEMA | Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate |
21. | DOX | Doxorubicin |
22. | DSPE-PEG | 1, 2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-Poly(ethylene glycol) |
23. | EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
24. | FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
25. | GLUT 1 | Glucose transporter 1 |
26. | GSH | Glutathione |
27. | HA | Hyaluronic acid |
28. | HIF 1α | Hypoxia inducible factor-1 |
29. | HMGB1 | High mobility group box 1 |
30. | H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
31. | HPAA | Hyperbranched polyamidoamine |
32. | HPAA-F7 | Fluorinated hyperbranched polyamidoamine |
33. | HPHH | 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a |
34. | ICD | Immunogenic cell death |
35. | iDC | Immature dendritic cells |
36. | IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
37. | IL-12 | Interleukin-12 |
38. | IRF3 | Interferon regulatory factor 3 |
39. | NK cells | Natural killer cells |
40. | NPs | Nanoparticles |
41. | LASER | light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation |
42. | MAA | Methacrylic acid |
43. | mDC | Mature dendritic cells |
44. | MGlu-HAA | 3-methylglutarylated hyaluronic acid |
45. | MGlu-HPG | 3-methyl-glutarylated hyperbranched poly(glycidol) |
46. | MHC I | Major histocompatibility complex-I |
47. | NIR | Near infra red |
48. | OEGMA | Oligoethylene glycol methacrylate |
49. | OVA | Ovalbumin |
50. | PAA | Polyacrylic acid |
51. | PAM | Poly(D,L-lactic-coglycolic acid) |
52. | PAMAM | Polyamidoamine |
53. | PCL-PEG | Poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) |
54. | PCL-PEI | poly-ε-caprolactone-polyethylene imine |
55. | PD-1 | Programmed cell death protein -1 |
56. | PD-L1 | Programmed death ligand -1 |
57. | PDSMA | Pyridyl disulfide ethyl methacrylate |
58. | PDT | Photodynamic therapy |
59. | PEG | Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) |
60. | PEI | Poly(ethylene glycol) |
61. | PEOz-PLA | Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(L-lactide) |
62. | PGA | Poly glycolic acid |
63. | pH | Potential of hydrogen |
64. | PiPOx | Pipecolic acid and sarcosine oxidase |
65. | PLA | Polylactic acid |
66. | PLG | Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) |
67. | PLGA | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) |
68. | PMAA | Poly(methacrylic acid) |
69. | PNIPAAM | Poly(g-glutamic acid |
70. | PTT | Photothermal therapy |
71. | PVA | Polyinyl alcohol |
72. | RGD | Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif |
73. | RIG-1 | Retinoic acid-inducible gene I |
74. | ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
75. | SO2 | Sulfur dioxide |
76. | STING | Stimulator of interferon genes |
77. | TAA | Tumour associated antigens |
78. | TBK1 | TANK binding kinase 1 |
79. | TCA | Tricarboxylic acid cycle |
80. | TCR | T cell receptor |
81. | TLR 2 | Toll like receptor 2 |
82. | TLR 4 | Toll like receptor 4 |
83. | TLR7/8 | Toll like receptor 7/8 |
84. | TME | Tumour micro-environment |
85. | TNF α | Tumour necrosis factor α |
86. | UV | Ultraviolet |
87. | VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Stimuli | Nanomaterials | References |
---|---|---|
pH | PAA, PMAA, PEI, PNIPAAM, PAM, PLGA, PEG histamine modified Alanine, PLA | [27,28,29] |
GSH | Polymers with disulphide linkage PEG-P (MMA-co-AEMA (SH/NH2)-PDMA | [30,31] |
ROS | Poly (propylene sulphide), poly(thioketal), phenyl boronic acid, poly- L-(methionine), poly- L-(proline) | [32,33,34,35] |
Enzymes | Sulfato-b-cyclodextrin | [36] |
Hypoxia | Nitrobenzoyl alcohols, Nitroimidazoles, Azo linkers | [37] |
Stimuli | Nanomaterials | References |
---|---|---|
Light | O-nitro benzyl, pyrene, spiropyran, and azobenzene | [48,49,50,51] |
Thermo | HPMA, PNIPAAM, PiPOx, Modified Poly acrylamides | [52] |
Ultrasound | PLGA, tetrahydropyranyl groups | [53,54] |
Magnetic | OEGMA and MAA loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide | [55] |
Electric | PVA, poly (acrylic acid-co-2-acrylsmido-2-methyl propyl sulfonic acid) | [56] |
Stimuli | Nanomaterials | Cancer | Antigen and Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | HA liposomes | Lymphoma | Ovalbumin Targeting DC | [72] |
Chitosan micelles | Melanoma | Ovalbumin Targeting DC | [74] | |
MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes | Lymphoma | CPG Targeting DC | [75] | |
5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid-based micelles | Melanoma and breast cancer | Ovalbumin Activating STING pathway | [76] | |
Chondroitin sulphate derived liposomes | Melanoma | Ovalbumin Targeting DC | [77] | |
Caprolactone based hydrogel | Breast cancer | CPG Targeting DC | [78] | |
Redox | Hyperbranched poly-(amidoamine) based nanocomposite | Lymphoma | Ovalbumin Cytoplasmic delivery of antigens | [79] |
pH and redox | PAMAM clusters | Pancreatic cancer | CPG Targeting draining lymph node | [80] |
Hypoxia | Glycol chitosan-PEG mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Melanoma | CPG Targeting DC | [81] |
Stimuli | Polymeric Nanoparticle | Cancer Type | Antigen and Mechanism of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combination PDT and hypoxia | Glycol chitosan-PEG mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Melanoma | CPG and targeting DC | [81] |
Laser and ROS | Polyethyleneimine based nanoparticles | Lymphoma | OVA and targeting DC | [83] |
Stimuli | Polymeric Nanoparticle | Cancer Type | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH sensitive | Cholesterol-DOPE-PEG based lipid nanoparticles | Lymphoma and melanoma | Activation of macrophages and plasmid DNA | [87] |
ROS sensitive | poly (thioketal phosphoester) lecithin-PEG based nanoparticles | Breast cancer | Release of antigens due to LASER | [89] |
Stimuli | Polymeric Nanoparticle | Cancer Type | Agonist and Mechanism of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH responsive | polymer p(DMAEMA)-b-(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co- PAA) based nanoparticle | Colon cancer | 3pRNA and enhancing Anti PD L1 therapy | [96] |
mPEG-block-[DMAEMA-co-AnMA] nanocarriers | Pancreatic cancer | 3pRNA and Endosomolytic carriers | [95] | |
carboxyl terminated PLGA nanoshells | Colon cancer | cGMP and inducing immunogenic cell death | [97] | |
PLGA nanoparticles | Lung adenocarcinoma | Small molecule 522 and antigen release due to CO2 production | [93] | |
Enzyme responsive | PEG vesicular nanoparticles | Imidazoquinoline and bringing Dendritic cells to Lymph nodes | [94] |
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Nagareddy, R.; Thomas, R.G.; Jeong, Y.Y. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Immunotherapy Moieties: Antigens, Adjuvants and Agonists. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212510
Nagareddy R, Thomas RG, Jeong YY. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Immunotherapy Moieties: Antigens, Adjuvants and Agonists. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212510
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagareddy, Raveena, Reju George Thomas, and Yong Yeon Jeong. 2021. "Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Immunotherapy Moieties: Antigens, Adjuvants and Agonists" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212510