Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Autonomic Dysregulation and the Role of RAAS Signalling in Hypertension
2.1. The Problem of Hypertension
2.2. Actions of Ang II in Hypertension
3. Receptors of Ang II Are Found throughout the Parasympathetic Nervous System
4. Ang II Tonically Inhibits Cardiac Vagal Tone—Peripheral Actions
5. Ang II Attenuates Cardiac Vagal Activity—Central Actions
5.1. Ang II within the Brain
5.2. Ang II in Central Brain Regions That Can Modulate Parasympathetic Nerve Activity
6. Ang II and Its Actions on the Baroreflex
6.1. Baroreflex Dysfunction in Hypertension
6.2. Actions of Ang II on the Baroreflex
7. Beyond Ang II
8. Perspectives and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shanks, J.; Ramchandra, R. Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212305
Shanks J, Ramchandra R. Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212305
Chicago/Turabian StyleShanks, Julia, and Rohit Ramchandra. 2021. "Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous System in Hypertension" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212305