Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brief Historical Insight
3. Composition of cfDNA
4. Participation of cfDNA of Tumor Origin in Malignant Transformation of Healthy Cells
5. Routes of Tumor-Derived cfDNA Penetration into Cells
6. Pro-Tumor and Antitumor Effects of NETs
7. DNases and Their Role in the Maintenance of cfDNA Homeostasis under Pathological Conditions
7.1. Intracellular DNases
7.2. Extracellular Secreted DNases
7.3. DNase Activity of the Blood during Tumor Progression
8. Exogenous DNases as Antimetastatic and Antitumor Agents
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Source 1 | Location | Specificity 2 | Cleavage Products 3 | Ion Dependency | Optimal pH | Structure | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intracellular catabolism of DNA | ||||||||
DNase IL1 (DNase X) | All cells | Endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular membrane | Chromatin | 3′OH, 5′P oligonucleosomes with ds-breaks [127] | Ca2+, Mg2+ | 6–8 | Capable of homodimerization [128] | C-terminal signal peptide, an N-linked glycosylation site and C-terminal hydrophobic domain; inactivated with Zn2+ and Apo10 |
DNA fragmentation factor B (DFFB, DFF40 or CAD) | All cells | Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus | 5′A(G)→3′X >> 5′C(T)→3′X chromatin and naked DNA [127] | 3′OH, 5′P oligonucleosomes with ds-breaks [127] | Mg2+ | 6–8 | Heterodimer | Usually bound with inhibitor DFFA; activated by cleavage of inhibitor with caspase-3 |
Endonuclease G (EndoG) | All cells | Mitochondria, migrates to the nucleus under apoptosis | poly(dG), poly(dC) >> others; ssDNA and dsDNA in chromatin; DNA/RNA heteroduplexes [129] | 3′OH, 5′P oligonucleosomes with ds-breaks and internal ss- nicks [129] | Mg2+/Mn2+ | Biphasic pH optima: 9 and 7 [129] | Homodimer | ββα-Me-finger; normally bound by Hsp70 and CHIP; inactivated with Fe2+ and Zn2+ [129] |
Extracellular catabolism of cfDNA | ||||||||
DNase I | Predominantly expressed in exocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, and kidneys; endothelial cells | Extracellular space | 5′-T > C >> A,G→3′X; naked dsDNA >> ssDNA; DNA in DNA/RNA heteroduplexes; slight efficacy to chromatin [127] | 3′OH,5′P mononucleosomes and tetranucleotides [127] | Ca2+, Mg2+ | 6–8 | Monomer | Inactivated with Zn2+ and G-actin |
DNase IL3 (DNAse γ) | Predominantly expressed in the liver and spleen; endothelial cells; macrophages and dendritic cells | Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and extracellular space | 5′ C > T >> A, G→3′X; chromatin DNA in lipid–membrane particles [130] | 3′OH, 5′P mononucleosomes [127] | Ca2+, Mg2+ | 6–8 | Inactivated with Zn2+ and heparin; it has a positively charged C-terminal sequence allowing transfer to the nucleus and encapsulation in MVs |
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Alekseeva, L.; Mironova, N. Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212246
Alekseeva L, Mironova N. Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212246
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlekseeva, Ludmila, and Nadezhda Mironova. 2021. "Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212246