Stem Cells and Their Derivatives—Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Osteogenic Potential of Dental Tissue-Derived MSCs
Type of Dental Tissue-Derived MSCs | In Vivo Models/Human Subjects | Site of Transplantation | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPSCs | Immunocompromised mice | Dorsal surface | Generation of dentine/pulp-like structure | [27] |
Immunocompromised rats | Subcutaneous site of dorsal surface | Generation of bone tissue with an integral blood supply | [29] | |
Immunocompromised mice | Subcutaneous site of dorsal surface | Maintenance of MSC characteristics; higher stability compared with PDLSCs in vivo | [7] | |
6 patients aged 8 to 12 years old | Unilateral alveolar bone defect | Alveolar bone healing with no ectopic bone formation | [30] | |
paldSCs | 30 patients | Alveolar bone defect | Improvement in vertical bone augmentation | [19] |
DFSCs | Immunocompromised rats | Critical-sized calvarial defects | New bone formation | [35] |
GMSCs | C57BL/6J mice | Second maxillary molar | Reduction in alveolar bone loss and new bone formation | [39] |
Athymic rodent models | Maxillary alveolar bone defect | Enhanced bone regeneration | [40] | |
PDLSCs | Immunocompromised rats | Calvarial critical-sized defect | Improvement of bone repair | [42] |
10 patients with chronic periodontitis | Root surface of defect site | Healing of deep periodontal defects | [43] | |
SHED cells | Immunocompromised mice | Calvarial artificial bone defect | Formation of osteoid | [47] |
SCAP | Minipig model of periodontitis | Local injection in the site of defects | Increased alveolar bone and periodontal tissue regeneration | [23] |
3. Osteogenic Potential of iPSCs in Dental Tissue Regeneration
4. Osteogenic Differentiation of iPSCs
5. Scaffolds Suitable for Alveolar Bone Regeneration
Scaffold Material | Seeded Cells | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|
Apatite-coated silk scaffolds + EMD gel | iPSCs | Significant expression of Runx2; new bone tissue formation in vivo | [70] |
RGD-CPC | iPSC-MSCs | Higher efficacy of osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix mineralization | [88] |
RGD-CPC | iPSC-MSCs; + endothelial cells + pericytes | Increased scaffold pre-vascularization in vitro; new bone formation and vascularization in vivo | [73] |
3D-printed BG block/chitosan nanoparticles composites | BM-MSCs | New alveolar bone tissue formation in vivo | [93] |
HA-Col | DPSCs | Supported attachment of DPSCs and formation of microenvironment for osteogenic differentiation in vitro | [94] |
3D collagen-based matrices + EDM + BMP-2 | MSCs | Significant expression of osteogenic markers; enhanced osteogenic differentiation in vitro | [95] |
3D BMP-6-hydrogel complex | iPSCs | new bone tissue formation in vivo | [72] |
Graphene oxide-coated 3D-printed PCL scaffold | PDLSCs | Enhanced osteoinductivity and osteogenic differentiation in vitro | [97] |
6. Extracellular Vesicles—New Therapeutic Agents in Bone Regeneration
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exosome Source | Isolation Method | Outcome | References |
---|---|---|---|
BM-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of BM-MSC-conditioned media | MSC-Exos facilitated femur fracture healing in mice | [105] |
iPSC-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of iPSC-MSC-conditioned media | iPSC-MSC-Exos efficaciously stimulated bone regeneration and angiogenesis in critical-sized calvarial defects in rats | [111] |
iPSC-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of iPSC-MSC-conditioned media | iPSC-MSC-Exos significantly prevented osteonecrosis and increased microvessel density in femoral head | [113] |
ADSCs | Ultracentrifugation of ADSC-conditioned media | ADSC-Exos increased bone formation in critical-sized mice calvarial defects | [107] |
Umbilical MSCs treated under hypoxic condition | Ultracentrifugation of media with sucrose/D2O cushion conjunction | Hypo-exosomes promoted femoral fracture healing by transferring miR-126 in mice | [99] |
BM-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of BM-MSC-conditioned media | Osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone healing in a fracture model of rat femoral nonunion | [107] |
hDPSCs | Ultracentrifugation of hDPSC-conditioned media | hDPSC-Exos facilitated osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs; mice calvarial defect repair by hDPSC-Exo loaded constructs | [108] |
BM-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of BM-MSC-conditioned media | MSC-Exos promoted angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro; restoration of bone formation and mechanical quality in vivo | [109] |
Umbilical MSCs | Ultracentrifugation of umbilical MSC-conditioned media | MSC-Exos seeded on 3D hydrogel scaffold promoted the repair of cranial defects in rats | [100] |
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Hollý, D.; Klein, M.; Mazreku, M.; Zamborský, R.; Polák, Š.; Danišovič, Ľ.; Csöbönyeiová, M. Stem Cells and Their Derivatives—Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111746
Hollý D, Klein M, Mazreku M, Zamborský R, Polák Š, Danišovič Ľ, Csöbönyeiová M. Stem Cells and Their Derivatives—Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(21):11746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111746
Chicago/Turabian StyleHollý, Dušan, Martin Klein, Merita Mazreku, Radoslav Zamborský, Štefan Polák, Ľuboš Danišovič, and Mária Csöbönyeiová. 2021. "Stem Cells and Their Derivatives—Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21: 11746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111746