Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Acute or Chronic Stress
3. The PVN-CRH Neurons and Stress Adaptation
4. Function of Brainstem in Stress
4.1. Some Anatomical Considerations
4.2. Neurotransmitters
4.2.1. Inhibition: GABA
4.2.2. Excitation: Glutamate
4.2.3. Monoamines
Serotonin
Catecholamines
Catecholamines: Noradrenaline (NA) and Locus Coeruleus (LC)
Catecholamines: Dopamine (DA)
5. CRH Cells in the Brainstem
6. Assumed Function of Each CRH-Containing Brainstem Nuclei in Stress
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density of CRH + Neurons. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. 2011 | Alon et al. 2009 | Kono et al. 2016 | Peng et al. 2017 | Recent Results | |
Method | Colchicin | CRH-GFP | CRH-Venus | CRH-EYFP | CRH-Cre × DIO-dtTomato |
Inferior olivary complex (IO) | ++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++++ | +++ |
Barrington’s nucleus (B) | ++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++ |
Tegmental reticular nucleus (TRN) | - | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
Parabrachial nuclei (PB) | ++ | ++ | + | + | + |
Periaqueductal gray (PAG) | - | ++ | + | ++ | + |
External cunate nucleus (ECN) | - | + | +++ | + | |
Raphe nucleus | - | + | ++ (MRN) | + (DRN) | + |
Nucleus incertus | + | + | + | + | |
Mesencephalic reticular formation | - | + | + | + | + |
Interpeduncular nucleus | + | + | + | ||
Pontine gray | +++ | + | |||
Medial vestibular nucleus | - | + | ++ | + | |
A11 | + | ||||
Vagus nuclei (NTS, motor) | ++ |
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Chaves, T.; Fazekas, C.L.; Horváth, K.; Correia, P.; Szabó, A.; Török, B.; Bánrévi, K.; Zelena, D. Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169090
Chaves T, Fazekas CL, Horváth K, Correia P, Szabó A, Török B, Bánrévi K, Zelena D. Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):9090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169090
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaves, Tiago, Csilla Lea Fazekas, Krisztina Horváth, Pedro Correia, Adrienn Szabó, Bibiána Török, Krisztina Bánrévi, and Dóra Zelena. 2021. "Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 9090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169090