Histamine: A Bacterial Signal Molecule
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Histamine Sensing by Bacteria
2.1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
2.1.1. Transcriptional Responses to Histamine Exposure
2.1.2. A Large Part of Histamine-Dependent Transcriptional Responses Are Mediated by the Transcriptional Regulator HinK
2.1.3. HinA Is a Histamine Transporter Permitting Histamine Uptake and Sensing by HinK
2.1.4. Histamine and HinK Regulate P. aeruginosa Virulence
2.1.5. Histamine Chemotaxis
2.1.6. The Chemoreceptor TlpQ Binds Histamine at its Ligand-Binding Domain with High Affinity
2.2. Escherichia coli
3. Histamine Release by Bacteria and Its Consequences
4. Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
cPHB | poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate |
DEC | diarrheagenic E. coli |
ECF | extracytoplasmic function |
HDC | histidine decarboxylase |
IAA | indole-3-acetic acid |
IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
ImAA | imidazole-4-acetic acid |
LBD | ligand binding domain |
PQS | Pseudomonas quinolone signal |
TCS | two-component system |
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Gene ID | Name | Log2 Fold Change | Description | Function/ Comment | Ref. Function |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histamine-mediated upregulation | |||||
Histamine metabolism, transport and regulation | |||||
PA5390 | hinG | 7.9 | Probable peptidic bond hydrolase | Histamine utilization | [24] |
PA5391 | hinH | 10.9 | Hypothetical protein | ||
PA5392 | hinL | 10.7 | Conserved hypothetical protein | ||
PA5393 | hinF | 11.1 | Conserved hypothetical protein | ||
PA0219 | hinD | 10.0 | Probable aldehyde dehydrogenase | ||
PA0221 | hinC | 10.0 | Probable aminotransferase | ||
PA0220 | hinA | 9.5 | Histamine transporter | Histamine transport | |
PA0218 | hinK | 4.8 | Transcriptional regulator | Histamine-mediated regulation | |
PA0222 | 8.7 | Solute-binding protein | Possibly transport | ||
Iron acquisition | |||||
PA0931 | pirA | 3.2 | Ferric enterobactin receptor PirA | [25] | |
PA2385 | pvdQ | 6.3 | 3-oxo-C12-homoserine lactone acylase PvdQ | Siderophore pyoverdin synthesis, secretion, regulation and pyoverdin-Fe uptake | [26] |
PA2386 | pvdA | 7.5 | L-ornithine N5-oxygenase | ||
PA2389 | pvdR | 2.6 | PvdR | ||
PA2390 | pvdT | 2.4 | PvdT | ||
PA2392 | pvdP | 4.1 | PvdP | ||
PA2394 | pvdN | 5.9 | PvdN | ||
PA2395 | pvdO | 6.3 | PvdO | ||
PA2396 | pvdF | 3.4 | Pyoverdine synthetase F | ||
PA2397 | pvdE | 6.3 | Pyoverdine biosynthesis protein PvdE | ||
PA2398 | fpvA | 6.0 | Ferripyoverdine receptor | ||
PA2399 | pvdD | 2.9 | Pyoverdine synthetase D | ||
PA2400 | pvdJ | 3.0 | PvdJ | ||
PA2413 | pvdH | 5.6 | L-2,4-diaminobutyrate:2-ketoglutarate 4-aminotransferase | ||
PA2424 | pvdL | 5.8 | PvdL | ||
PA2425 | pvdG | 6.2 | PvdG | ||
PA2426 | pvdS | 5.7 | Sigma factor PvdS | ||
PA0472 | fiuI | 3.1 | ECF sigma factor FiuI | Ferrichrome activated | [27] |
PA2468 | foxI | 2.5 | ECF sigma factor FoxI | Ferrioxamine activated | [28] |
PA3410 | hasI | 2.9 | ECF sigma factor HasI | Heme activated | [29] |
PA4168 | fpvB | 3.3 | Second ferric pyoverdine receptor FpvB | Pyoverdine transport | [30] |
PA4221 | fptA | 1.7 | Fe(III)-pyochelin outer membrane receptor precursor | Siderophore pyochelin synthesis and transport | [31] |
PA4226 | pchE | 3.1 | Dihydroaeruginoic acid synthetase | ||
PA4228 | pchD | 4.1 | Pyochelin biosynthesis protein PchD | ||
PA4229 | pchC | 3.6 | Pyochelin biosynthetic protein PchC | ||
PA4230 | pchB | 2.7 | Salicylate biosynthesis protein PchB | ||
PA4231 | pchA | 2.3 | Salicylate biosynthesis isochorismate synthase | ||
PA4687 | hitA | 3.3 | Ferric iron-binding periplasmic protein HitA | Iron transport | [32] |
PA4688 | hitB | 3.2 | Iron (III)-transport system permease HitB | ||
Quorum sensing | |||||
PA0996 | pqsA | 3.4 | Probable coenzyme A ligase | Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) quorum sensing system | [33] |
PA0997 | pqsB | 3.8 | PqsB | ||
PA0998 | pqsC | 3.8 | PqsC | ||
PA0999 | pqsD | 3.8 | 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III | ||
PA1000 | pqsE | 3.6 | Quinolone signal response protein | ||
PA1001 | phnA | 3.5 | Anthranilate synthase components I and II (important for PQS synthesis) | PQS synthesis | [34] |
PA1002 | phnB | 3.0 | |||
Secretion system | |||||
PA1718 | pscE | 2.3 | Type III export protein PscE | Type III secretion apparatus | [35] |
PA1721 | pscH | 1.9 | Type III export protein PscH | ||
PA1715 | pscB | 1.8 | Type III export apparatus protein | ||
Regulation | |||||
PA0707 | toxR | 1.9 | Transcriptional regulator ToxR | Exotoxin A expression | [36] |
PA0612 | ptrB | 2.0 | Repressor PtrB | Type III secretion system expression | [37] |
PA1431 | rsaL | 2.0 | Regulatory protein RsaL | Virulence and biofilm formation | [38] |
PA2227 | vqsM | 2.4 | Transcriptional regulator VqsM | Quorum sensing and virulence | [39] |
PA2686 | pfeR | 3.1 | PfeR response regulator | Enterobactin receptor | [40] |
PA2687 | pfeS | 2.6 | PfeS sensor kinase | ||
PA3006 | psrA | 1.8 | Transcriptional regulator PsrA | Type III secretion system | [41] |
PA4315 | mvaT | 2.3 | Transcriptional regulator MvaT | Type III secretion system | [42] |
PA5124 | ntrB | 4.0 | NtrB kinase | Invasiveness and Virulence | [43] |
PA5125 | ntrC | 3.7 | NtrC response regulator | ||
Others | |||||
PA4760 | dnaJ | 3.2 | Heat shock protein | Pyocyanin production | [44] |
PA4761 | dnaK | 3.7 | Chaperone DnaK | Translocation across the intestinal epithelia cells | [45] |
Histamine-mediated downregulation | |||||
Regulation | |||||
PA0173 | cheB2 | −2.1 | CheB2 methylesterase | Che2 pathway, unknown function, involved in virulence | [46,47] |
PA0174 | cheD | −2.2 | CheD deamidase | ||
PA0175 | cheR2 | −2.4 | CheR2 methyltransferase | ||
PA0176 | mcpB/aer2 | −2.3 | Aer2/McpB chemoreceptor | ||
PA0177 | cheW | −1.9 | CheW coupling protein | ||
PA4293 | pprA | −2.5 | Sensor kinase PprA | Quorum sensingregulation | [48] |
PA4296 | pprB | −1.6 | Response regulator PprB | ||
Motility | |||||
PA1930 | mcpS | −2.1 | Chemoreceptor McpS | Chemotaxis | [49] |
PA2561 | ctpH | −2.4 | Inorganic phosphate (Pi) specific chemoreceptor CtpH | Pi is a major virulence signal | [50,51] |
Others | |||||
PA4299-4306 | Flp-tad-rcp locus | −2.3 to −4.8 | Formation of type IVb pili | Aggregation and biofilm formation | [52] |
PA4236 | katA | −2.1 | Major catalase KatA | Osmoprotection and virulence | [53] |
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Krell, T.; Gavira, J.A.; Velando, F.; Fernández, M.; Roca, A.; Monteagudo-Cascales, E.; Matilla, M.A. Histamine: A Bacterial Signal Molecule. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126312
Krell T, Gavira JA, Velando F, Fernández M, Roca A, Monteagudo-Cascales E, Matilla MA. Histamine: A Bacterial Signal Molecule. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126312
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrell, Tino, José A. Gavira, Félix Velando, Matilde Fernández, Amalia Roca, Elizabet Monteagudo-Cascales, and Miguel A. Matilla. 2021. "Histamine: A Bacterial Signal Molecule" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126312