Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on Thrombosis in Healthy Individuals and Cardiovascular Disease Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Stress Responses
2.1. Autonomic Nervous System
2.2. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis
3. Biological Processes and Molecular Mechanisms in Stress-Related Thrombosis
3.1. Effect of Stress on Platelets
3.2. Effect of Stress on Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Cascade
3.3. Effect of Stress on Endothelial Dysfunction
3.4. Effect of Stress on the Sterile Inflammation Response
3.5. Effect of Stress on Oxidative Imbalance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Ach | Acetylcholine |
ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
Ag | Antigen |
ANS | Autonomic Nervous System |
aPTT | Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time |
a | Clotting activity |
CRF | Corticotropin-Releasing Factor |
CRP | C-Reactive Protein |
CVDs | Cardiovascular Diseases |
DAMPs | Damage Associated Molecular Patterns |
ET1 | Endothelin-1 |
ETA | Endothelin receptor A |
F | Factor |
FMD | Flow-Mediated Dilation |
GCs | Glucocorticoids |
GP | Glycoprotein |
GRs | Glucocorticoid Receptors |
HPA | Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal |
Hsp | Heat-shock protein |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
IL | Interleukin |
MI | Myocardial infarction |
miRNA | microRNA |
mPFC | medial Prefrontal Cortex |
NTS | Nucleus Tractus Solitarius |
PAI-1 | Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 |
PLTs | Platelets-Leukocyte aggregates |
PT | prothrombin time |
PVN | Paraventricular Nucleus |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
SES | Socio-Economic Status |
SMC | Smooth Muscle Cells |
TAT | Thrombin–Antithrombin Complex |
TNF-α | Tumor-Necrosis Factor-α |
t-PA | tissue-Plasminogen Activator |
t-PA:Ag | tissue-Plasminogen Activator Antigen |
VT | Venous Thrombosis |
VTE | Venous Thromboembolism |
vWF | von Willebrand Factor |
vWF:Ag | von Willebrand Factor Antigen |
α2-ADRs | α2-Adrenergic Receptors |
α-ADR | α-Adrenoreceptor |
α-MSH | alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone |
β2-ADR | β2-Adrenergic Receptor |
β–ADR | β-Adrenoreceptor |
References
- Dragano, N.; Siegrist, J.; Nyberg, S.T.; Lunau, T.; Fransson, E.I.; Alfredsson, L.; Bjorner, J.B.; Borritz, M.; Burr, H.; Erbel, R.; et al. Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: A Multicohort Study of 90,164 Individuals. Epidemiology 2017, 28, 619–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kivimäki, M.; Jokela, M.; Nyberg, S.T.; Singh-Manoux, A.; Fransson, E.I.; Alfredsson, L.; Bjorner, J.B.; Borritz, M.; Burr, H.; Casini, A.; et al. Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603,838 individuals. Lancet 2015, 386, 1739–1746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scherrer Jeffrey, F.; Salas, J.; Cohen Beth, E.; Schnurr Paula, P.; Schneider, F.D.; Chard Kathleen, M.; Tuerk, P.; Friedman Matthew, J.; Norman Sonya, B.; van den Berk-Clark, C.; et al. Comorbid Conditions Explain the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident Cardiovascular Disease. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019, 8, e011133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Celano, C.M.; Daunis, D.J.; Lokko, H.N.; Campbell, K.A.; Huffman, J.C. Anxiety Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2016, 18, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hare, D.L.; Toukhsati, S.R.; Johansson, P.; Jaarsma, T. Depression and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review. Eur. Heart J. 2013, 35, 1365–1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piepoli, M.F.; Hoes, A.W.; Agewall, S.; Albus, C.; Brotons, C.; Catapano, A.L.; Cooney, M.T.; Corrà, U.; Cosyns, B.; Deaton, C.; et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur. Heart J 2016, 37, 2315–2381. [Google Scholar]
- Arnett, D.K.; Blumenthal, R.S.; Albert, M.A.; Buroker, A.B.; Goldberger, Z.D.; Hahn, E.J.; Himmelfarb, C.D.; Khera, A.; Lloyd-Jones, D.; McEvoy, J.W.; et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019, 140, e596–e646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, R.; Xu, D.; Huang, Y. Association between job strain and risk of incident stroke: A meta-analysis. Neurology 2016, 86, 1362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kivimäki, M.; Kawachi, I. Work Stress as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2015, 17, 630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wei, J.; Rooks, C.; Ramadan, R.; Shah, A.J.; Bremner, J.D.; Quyyumi, A.A.; Kutner, M.; Vaccarino, V. Meta-analysis of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and subsequent cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 2014, 114, 187–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arnold, S.V.; Smolderen, K.G.; Buchanan, D.M.; Li, Y.; Spertus, J.A. Perceived stress in myocardial infarction: Long-term mortality and health status outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 60, 1756–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, J.; Zhang, M.; Loerbroks, A.; Angerer, P.; Siegrist, J. Work stress and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2015, 28, 8–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stewart, R.A.H.; Colquhoun, D.M.; Marschner, S.L.; Kirby, A.C.; Simes, J.; Nestel, P.J.; Glozier, N.; O’Neil, A.; Oldenburg, B.; White, H.D.; et al. Persistent psychological distress and mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Heart 2017, 103, 1860–1866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilbert-Lampen, U.; Leistner, D.; Greven, S.; Pohl, T.; Sper, S.; Völker, C.; Güthlin, D.; Plasse, A.; Knez, A.; Küchenhoff, H.; et al. Cardiovascular events during World Cup soccer. N. Engl. J. Med 2008, 358, 475–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tofler, G.H.; Stone, P.H.; Maclure, M.; Edelman, E.; Davis, V.G.; Robertson, T.; Antman, E.M.; Muller, J.E. Analysis of possible triggers of acute myocardial infarction (the MILIS study). Am. J. Cardiol. 1990, 66, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mostofsky, E.; Penner, E.A.; Mittleman, M.A. Outbursts of anger as a trigger of acute cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis†. Eur. Heart J. 2014, 35, 1404–1410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hunter, R.; Noble, S.; Lewis, S.; Bennett, P. Long-term psychosocial impact of venous thromboembolism: A qualitative study in the community. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e024805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Mills, P.J.; Fainman, C.; Dimsdale, J.E. Effects of psychological stress and psychiatric disorders on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis: A biobehavioral pathway to coronary artery disease? Psychosom. Med. 2001, 63, 531–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, P.; Patterson, K.; Noble, S. Predicting post-traumatic stress and health anxiety following a venous thrombotic embolism. J. Health Psychol. 2014, 21, 863–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lippi, G.; Favaloro, E.J. Venous and Arterial Thromboses: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2018, 44, 239–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McEwen, B.S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 338, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mathé, G. The need of a physiologic and pathophysiologic definition of stress. Biomed. Pharm. 2000, 54, 119–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santarelli, S.; Zimmermann, C.; Kalideris, G.; Lesuis, S.L.; Arloth, J.; Uribe, A.; Dournes, C.; Balsevich, G.; Hartmann, J.; Masana, M.; et al. An adverse early life environment can enhance stress resilience in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017, 78, 213–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maul, S.; Giegling, I.; Fabbri, C.; Corponi, F.; Serretti, A.; Rujescu, D. Genetics of resilience: Implications from genome-wide association studies and candidate genes of the stress response system in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2020, 183, 77–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallei, A.; Ieraci, A.; Popoli, M. Chronic Social Defeat Stress Differentially Regulates the Expression of BDNF transcripts and Epigenetic Modifying Enzymes in Susceptible and Resilient Mice. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preckel, D.; von Känel, R. Regulation of Hemostasis by the Sympathetic Nervous System: Any Contribution to Coronary Artery Disease? Heartdrug 2004, 4, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pariante, C.M.; Lightman, S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci. 2008, 31, 464–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, H.F.; Tang, C.K.; Yang, Y.Z. Psychological stress, immune response, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012, 223, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasan, K.M.; Rahman, M.S.; Arif, K.M.; Sobhani, M.E. Psychological stress and aging: Role of glucocorticoids (GCs). Age 2012, 34, 1421–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wirtz, P.H.; Ehlert, U.; Emini, L.; Rüdisüli, K.; Groessbauer, S.; Gaab, J.; Elsenbruch, S.; von Känel, R. Anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal and the acute procoagulant stress response in men. Psychosom. Med. 2006, 68, 851–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grignani, G.; Soffiantino, F.; Zucchella, M.; Pacchiarini, L.; Tacconi, F.; Bonomi, E.; Pastoris, A.; Sbaffi, A.; Fratino, P.; Tavazzi, L. Platelet activation by emotional stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1991, 83, II128–II136. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Almis, B.H.; Aksoy, I. Mean platelet volume level in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2018, 28, 43–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sandrini, L.; Ieraci, A.; Amadio, P.; Popoli, M.; Tremoli, E.; Barbieri, S.S. Apocynin Prevents Abnormal Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Activation Induced by Chronic Stress. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 9258937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, S.; Du, C.; Shen, M.; Zhao, G.; Xu, Y.; Yang, K.; Wang, X.; Li, F.; Zeng, D.; Chen, F.; et al. Sympathetic stimulation facilitates thrombopoiesis by promoting megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation. Blood 2016, 127, 1024–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Von Kanel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E. Effects of sympathetic activation by adrenergic infusions on hemostasis in vivo. Eur. J. Haematol. 2000, 65, 357–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lande, K.; Kjeldsen, S.E.; Os, I.; Westheim, A.; Hjermann, I.; Eide, I.; Gjesdal, K. Increased platelet and vascular smooth muscle reactivity to low-dose adrenaline infusion in mild essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1988, 6, 219–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sandrini, L.; Ieraci, A.; Amadio, P.; Veglia, F.; Popoli, M.; Lee, F.S.; Tremoli, E.; Barbieri, S.S. Sub-Chronic Stress Exacerbates the Pro-Thrombotic Phenotype in BDNF(Val/Met) Mice: Gene-Environment Interaction in the Modulation of Arterial Thrombosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Strike, P.C.; Magid, K.; Brydon, L.; Edwards, S.; McEwan, J.R.; Steptoe, A. Exaggerated platelet and hemodynamic reactivity to mental stress in men with coronary artery disease. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66, 492–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steptoe, A.; Magid, K.; Edwards, S.; Brydon, L.; Hong, Y.; Erusalimsky, J. The influence of psychological stress and socioeconomic status on platelet activation in men. Atherosclerosis 2003, 168, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camacho, A.; Dimsdale, J.E. Platelets and Psychiatry: Lessons Learned From Old and New Studies. Psychosom. Med. 2000, 62, 326–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Koudouovoh-Tripp, P.; Hüfner, K.; Egeter, J.; Kandler, C.; Giesinger, J.M.; Sopper, S.; Humpel, C.; Sperner-Unterweger, B. Stress Enhances Proinflammatory Platelet Activity: The Impact of Acute and Chronic Mental Stress. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wallén, N.H.; Goodall, A.H.; Li, N.; Hjemdahl, P. Activation of haemostasis by exercise, mental stress and adrenaline: Effects on platelet sensitivity to thrombin and thrombin generation. Clin. Sci. 1999, 97, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wallén, N.H.; Held, C.; Rehnqvist, N.; Hjemdahl, P. Effects of mental and physical stress on platelet function in patients with stable angina pectoris and healthy controls. Eur. Heart J. 1997, 18, 807–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matsuhisa, F.; Kitamura, N.; Satoh, E. Effects of acute and chronic psychological stress on platelet aggregation in mice. Stress 2014, 17, 186–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grignani, G.; Pacchiarini, L.; Zucchella, M.; Tacconi, F.; Canevari, A.; Soffiantino, F.; Tavazzi, L. Effect of Mental Stress on Platelet Function in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 1992, 22, 138–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reid, G.J.; Seidelin, P.H.; Kop, W.J.; Irvine, M.J.; Strauss, B.H.; Nolan, R.P.; Lau, H.K.; Yeo, E.L. Mental-stress-induced platelet activation among patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom. Med. 2009, 71, 438–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markovitz, J.H.; Matthews, K.A.; Kiss, J.; Smitherman, T.C. Effects of hostility on platelet reactivity to psychological stress in coronary heart disease patients and in healthy controls. Psychosom. Med. 1996, 58, 143–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markovitz, J.H. Hostility is associated with increased platelet activation in coronary heart disease. Psychosom. Med. 1998, 60, 586–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frimerman, A.; Miller, H.I.; Laniado, S.; Keren, G. Changes in hemostatic function at times of cyclic variation in occupational stress. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997, 79, 72–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jilma, B.; Cvitko, T.; Winter-Fabry, A.; Petroczi, K.; Quehenberger, P.; Blann, A.D. High dose dexamethasone increases circulating P-selectin and von Willebrand factor levels in healthy men. Thromb. Haemost. 2005, 94, 797–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosenfeld, B.A.; Faraday, N.; Campbell, D.; Dise, K.; Bell, W.; Goldschmidt, P. Hemostatic effects of stress hormone infusion. Anesthesiology 1994, 81, 1116–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karamouzis, I.; Berardelli, R.; D’Angelo, V.; Fussotto, B.; Zichi, C.; Giordano, R.; Settanni, F.; Maccario, M.; Ghigo, E.; Arvat, E. Enhanced oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 2015, 82, 517–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sato, T.; Hiramatsu, R.; Iwaoka, T.; Fujii, Y.; Shimada, T.; Umeda, T. Changes of Platelets, Serum Lactic Dehydrogenase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, Choline Esterase and Creatine Phosphokinase Levels in Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1984, 142, 195–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Erem, C.; Nuhoglu, I.; Yilmaz, M.; Kocak, M.; Demirel, A.; Ucuncu, O.; Ersoz, H.O. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing’s syndrome: Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and unchanged thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2009, 32, 169–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muck-Seler, D.; Pivac, N.; Mustapic, M.; Crncevic, Z.; Jakovljevic, M.; Sagud, M. Platelet serotonin and plasma prolactin and cortisol in healthy, depressed and schizophrenic women. Psychiatry Res. 2004, 127, 217–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, R.C. Editor’s page: Fundamentals in neurocardiology: The brain-platelet-coronary artery interface. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 2008, 26, 74–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aschbacher, K.; von Känel, R.; Mills, P.J.; Roepke, S.K.; Hong, S.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mausbach, B.T.; Patterson, T.L.; Ziegler, M.G.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; et al. Longitudinal platelet reactivity to acute psychological stress among older men and women. Stress 2009, 12, 426–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freedman, R.R.; Embury, J.; Migály, P.; Keegan, D.; Pandey, G.N.; Javaid, J.I.; Davis, J.M. Stress-induced desensitization of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in human platelets. Psychosom. Med. 1990, 52, 624–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maes, M.; Van Gastel, A.; Delmeire, L.; Kenis, G.; Bosmans, E.; Song, C. Platelet alpha2-adrenoceptor density in humans: Relationships to stress-induced anxiety, psychasthenic constitution, gender and stress-induced changes in the inflammatory response system. Psychol. Med. 2002, 32, 919–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mausbach, B.T.; Aschbacher, K.; Patterson, T.L.; von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mills, P.J.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Grant, I. Effects of placement and bereavement on psychological well-being and cardiovascular risk in Alzheimer’s caregivers: A longitudinal analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2007, 62, 439–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aschbacher, K.; Mills, P.J.; von Känel, R.; Hong, S.; Mausbach, B.T.; Roepke, S.K.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Patterson, T.L.; Ziegler, M.G.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; et al. Effects of depressive and anxious symptoms on norepinephrine and platelet P-selectin responses to acute psychological stress among elderly caregivers. Brain Behav. Immun. 2008, 22, 493–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yau, J.W.; Teoh, H.; Verma, S. Endothelial cell control of thrombosis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2015, 15, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Monroe Dougald, M.; Hoffman, M. What Does It Take to Make the Perfect Clot? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bouwens, E.A.M.; Stavenuiter, F.; Mosnier, L.O. Mechanisms of anticoagulant and cytoprotective actions of the protein C pathway. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2013, 11, 242–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Doorn, P.; Rosing, J.; Wielders, S.J.; Hackeng, T.M.; Castoldi, E. The C-terminus of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-α inhibits factor V activation by protecting the Arg1545 cleavage site. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2017, 15, 140–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hackeng Tilman, M.; Rosing, J. Protein S as Cofactor for TFPI. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29, 2015–2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chapin, J.C.; Hajjar, K.A. Fibrinolysis and the control of blood coagulation. Blood Rev. 2015, 29, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Urano, T.; Castellino, F.J.; Suzuki, Y. Regulation of plasminogen activation on cell surfaces and fibrin. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2018, 16, 1487–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stuijver, D.J.F.; Majoor, C.J.; van Zaane, B.; Souverein, P.C.; de Boer, A.; Dekkers, O.M.; Büller, H.R.; Gerdes, V.E.A. Use of oral glucocorticoids and the risk of pulmonary embolism: A population-based case-control study. Chest 2013, 143, 1337–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johannesdottir, S.A.; Horváth-Puhó, E.; Dekkers, O.M.; Cannegieter, S.C.; Jørgensen, J.O.; Ehrenstein, V.; Vandenbroucke, J.P.; Pedersen, L.; Sørensen, H.T. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of venous thromboembolism: A nationwide population-based case-control study. JAMA Intern. Med. 2013, 173, 743–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Austin, A.W.; Wissmann, T.; von Kanel, R. Stress and hemostasis: An update. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2013, 39, 902–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zgraggen, L.; Fischer, J.E.; Mischler, K.; Preckel, D.; Kudielka, B.M.; von Känel, R. Relationship between hemoconcentration and blood coagulation responses to acute mental stress. Thromb. Res. 2005, 115, 175–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Austin, A.W.; Wirtz, P.H.; Patterson, S.M.; Stutz, M.; von Känel, R. Stress-induced alterations in coagulation: Assessment of a new hemoconcentration correction technique. Psychosom. Med. 2012, 74, 288–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Mills, P.J.; Ziegler, M.G.; Dimsdale, J.E. Effect of beta2-adrenergic receptor functioning and increased norepinephrine on the hypercoagulable state with mental stress. Am. Heart J. 2002, 144, 68–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thrall, G.; Lane, D.; Carroll, D.; Lip, G.Y. A systematic review of the effects of acute psychological stress and physical activity on haemorheology, coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet reactivity: Implications for the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Thromb. Res. 2007, 120, 819–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Austin, A.W.; Patterson, S.M.; von Känel, R. Hemoconcentration and hemostasis during acute stress: Interacting and independent effects. Ann. Behav. Med. 2011, 42, 153–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Preckel, D.; Zgraggen, L.; Mischler, K.; Kudielka, B.M.; Haeberli, A.; Fischer, J.E. The effect of natural habituation on coagulation responses to acute mental stress and recovery in men. Thromb. Haemost. 2004, 92, 1327–1335. [Google Scholar]
- Von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Adler, K.A.; Patterson, T.L.; Mills, P.J.; Grant, I. Effects of depressive symptoms and anxiety on hemostatic responses to acute mental stress and recovery in the elderly. Psychiatry Res. 2004, 126, 253–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jern, C.; Eriksson, E.; Tengborn, L.; Risberg, B.; Wadenvik, H.; Jern, S. Changes of plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis in response to mental stress. Thromb. Haemost. 1989, 62, 767–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Kudielka, B.M.; Haeberli, A.; Stutz, M.; Fischer, J.E.; Patterson, S.M. Prothrombotic changes with acute psychological stress: Combined effect of hemoconcentration and genuine coagulation activation. Thromb. Res. 2009, 123, 622–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Kudielka, B.M.; Hanebuth, D.; Preckel, D.; Fischer, J.E. Different contribution of interleukin-6 and cortisol activity to total plasma fibrin concentration and to acute mental stress-induced fibrin formation. Clin. Sci. 2005, 109, 61–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Boer, D.; Ring, C.; Wood, M.; Ford, C.; Jessney, N.; McIntyre, D.; Carroll, D. Time course and mechanisms of mental stress-induced changes and their recovery: Hematocrit, colloid osmotic pressure, whole blood viscosity, coagulation times, and hemodynamic activity. Psychophysiology 2007, 44, 639–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wirtz, P.H.; Redwine, L.S.; Baertschi, C.; Spillmann, M.; Ehlert, U.; von Känel, R. Coagulation activity before and after acute psychosocial stress increases with age. Psychosom. Med. 2008, 70, 476–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jern, C.; Manhem, K.; Eriksson, E.; Tengborn, L.; Risberg, B.; Jern, S. Hemostatic responses to mental stress during the menstrual cycle. Thromb. Haemost. 1991, 66, 614–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Ziegler, M.G.; Mills, P.J.; Patterson, T.L.; Lee, S.K.; Grant, I. Effect of acute psychological stress on the hypercoagulable state in subjects (spousal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease) with coronary or cerebrovascular disease and/or systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001, 87, 1405–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canevari, A.; Tacconi, F.; Zucchella, M.; Pacchiarini, L.; Soffiantino, F.; Grignani, G. Antithrombin III biological activity and emotional stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Haematologica 1992, 77, 180–182. [Google Scholar]
- Palermo, A.; Bertalero, P.; Pizza, N.; Amelotti, R.; Libretti, A. Decreased fibrinolytic response to adrenergic stimulation in hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. Suppl. 1989, 7, S162–S163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaptoge, S.; White, I.R.; Thompson, S.G.; Wood, A.M.; Lewington, S.; Lowe, G.D.; Danesh, J.; Collaboration, F.S. Associations of plasma fibrinogen levels with established cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammatory markers, and other characteristics: Individual participant meta-analysis of 154,211 adults in 31 prospective studies: The fibrinogen studies collaboration. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166, 867–879. [Google Scholar]
- Steptoe, A.; Kunz-Ebrecht, S.; Owen, N.; Feldman, P.J.; Willemsen, G.; Kirschbaum, C.; Marmot, M. Socioeconomic status and stress-related biological responses over the working day. Psychosom. Med. 2003, 65, 461–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, S.J.; Koh, S.B.; Cha, B.S.; Park, J.K. Job characteristics and blood coagulation factors in Korean male workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002, 44, 997–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, A.M.; Larsen, A.D.; Rugulies, R.; Garde, A.H.; Knudsen, L.E. A review of the effect of the psychosocial working environment on physiological changes in blood and urine. Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol. 2009, 105, 73–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Mills, P.J.; Patterson, T.L.; McKibbin, C.L.; Archuleta, C.; Grant, I. Poor sleep is associated with higher plasma proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and procoagulant marker fibrin D-dimer in older caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006, 54, 431–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mausbach, B.T.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; von Känel, R.; Patterson, T.L.; Aschbacher, K.; Mills, P.J.; Ziegler, M.G.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Calleran, S.; Grant, I. Sleep disturbance, norepinephrine, and D-dimer are all related in elderly caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease. Sleep 2006, 29, 1347–1352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Patterson, T.L.; Grant, I. Acute procoagulant stress response as a dynamic measure of allostatic load in Alzheimer caregivers. Ann. Behav. Med. 2003, 26, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mills, P.J.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Patterson, T.L.; Mausbach, B.T.; Grant, I. Effect of Alzheimer caregiving stress and age on frailty markers interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2006, 61, 963–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Mausbach, B.T.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mills, P.J.; Patterson, T.L.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Ziegler, M.G.; Roepke, S.K.; Allison, M.; Grant, I. Problem behavior of dementia patients predicts low-grade hypercoagulability in spousal caregivers. J. Gerontol A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2010, 65, 1004–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casonato, A.; Pontara, E.; Boscaro, M.; Sonino, N.; Sartorello, F.; Ferasin, S.; Girolami, A. Abnormalities of von Willebrand factor are also part of the prothrombotic state of Cushing’s syndrome. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 1999, 10, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patrassi, G.M.; Sartori, M.T.; Viero, M.L.; Scarano, L.; Boscaro, M.; Girolami, A. The fibrinolytic potential in patients with Cushing’s disease: A clue to their hypercoagulable state. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 1992, 3, 789–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boscaro, M.; Sonino, N.; Scarda, A.; Barzon, L.; Fallo, F.; Sartori, M.T.; Patrassi, G.M.; Girolami, A. Anticoagulant prophylaxis markedly reduces thromboembolic complications in Cushing’s syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87, 3662–3666. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fatti, L.M.; Bottasso, B.; Invitti, C.; Coppola, R.; Cavagnini, F.; Mannucci, P.M. Markers of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2000, 23, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isidori, A.M.; Minnetti, M.; Sbardella, E.; Graziadio, C.; Grossman, A.B. Mechanisms in endocrinology: The spectrum of haemostatic abnormalities in glucocorticoid excess and defect. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2015, 173, R101–R113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Majoor, C.J.; Sneeboer, M.M.; de Kievit, A.; Meijers, J.C.; van der Poll, T.; Lutter, R.; Bel, E.H.; Kamphuisen, P.W. The influence of corticosteroids on hemostasis in healthy subjects. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2016, 14, 716–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brotman, D.J.; Girod, J.P.; Posch, A.; Jani, J.T.; Patel, J.V.; Gupta, M.; Lip, G.Y.; Reddy, S.; Kickler, T.S. Effects of short-term glucocorticoids on hemostatic factors in healthy volunteers. Thromb. Res. 2006, 118, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Zaane, B.; Nur, E.; Squizzato, A.; Gerdes, V.E.A.; BÜLler, H.R.; Dekkers, O.M.; Brandjes, D.P.M. Systematic review on the effect of glucocorticoid use on procoagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic factors. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2010, 8, 2483–2493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaari, A.; Ghadhoune, H.; Chakroune, O.; Abid, H.; Turki, O.; Bahloul, M.; Bouaziz, M. The use of a low dose hydrocortisone to prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with multiple trauma. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 2013, 35, 593–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Z.; Jiang, X.; Sharafeih, R.; Shen, S.; Hand, A.R.; Cone, R.E.; O’Rourke, J. Stimulated release of tissue plasminogen activator from artery wall sympathetic nerves: Implications for stress-associated wall damage. Stress 2005, 8, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ali-Saleh, M.; Sarig, G.; Ablin, J.N.; Brenner, B.; Jacob, G. Inhalation of a Short-Acting β2-Adrenoreceptor Agonist Induces a Hypercoagulable State in Healthy Subjects. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0158652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gader, A.M.; Da Costa, J.; Cash, J.D. The effect propranolol, alprenolol and practolol on the vibrinolytic and factor VIII responses to adrenaline and salbutamol in man. Thromb. Res. 1974, 4, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoppener, M.R.; Kraaijenhagen, R.A.; Hutten, B.A.; Büller, H.R.; Peters, R.J.; Levi, M. Beta-receptor blockade decreases elevated plasma levels of factor VIII:C in patients with deep vein thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2004, 2, 1316–1320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Kanel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Adler, K.A.; Dillon, E.; Perez, C.J.; Mills, P.J. Effects of nonspecific beta-adrenergic stimulation and blockade on blood coagulation in hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003, 94, 1455–1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bröijersén, A.; Hamsten, A.; Silveira, A.; Fatah, K.; Goodall, A.H.; Eriksson, M.; Angelin, B.; Hjemdahl, P. Gemfibrozil reduces thrombin generation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia, without influencing plasma fibrinogen, fibrin gel structure or coagulation factor VII. Thromb. Haemost. 1996, 76, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larsson, P.T.; Wiman, B.; Olsson, G.; Angelin, B.; Hjemdahl, P. Influence of metoprolol treatment on sympatho-adrenal activation of fibrinolysis. Thromb. Haemost. 1990, 63, 482–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Urano, T.; Cho, M.; Takahashi, S.; Sumiyoshi, K.; Nakamura, M.; Mori, T.; Takada, Y.; Takada, A. Changes of parameters in fibrinolytic system caused by mental stress. Thromb. Res. 1990, 60, 501–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galley, H.F.; Webster, N.R. Physiology of the endothelium. Br. J. Anaesth. 2004, 93, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Komarova, Y.A.; Kruse, K.; Mehta, D.; Malik, A.B. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ. Res. 2017, 120, 179–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alieva, I.B.; Zemskov, E.A.; Smurova, K.M.; Kaverina, I.N.; Verin, A.D. The leading role of microtubules in endothelial barrier dysfunction: Disassembly of peripheral microtubules leaves behind the cytoskeletal reorganization. J. Cell Biochem. 2013, 114, 2258–2272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chistiakov, D.A.; Orekhov, A.N.; Bobryshev, Y.V. Endothelial Barrier and Its Abnormalities in Cardiovascular Disease. Front. Physiol. 2015, 6, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandoo, A.; van Zanten, J.J.C.S.V.; Metsios, G.S.; Carroll, D.; Kitas, G.D. The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc. Med. J. 2010, 4, 302–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flammer, A.J.; Anderson, T.; Celermajer, D.S.; Creager, M.A.; Deanfield, J.; Ganz, P.; Hamburg, N.M.; Lüscher, T.F.; Shechter, M.; Taddei, S.; et al. The assessment of endothelial function: From research into clinical practice. Circulation 2012, 126, 753–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, T.J.; Uehata, A.; Gerhard, M.D.; Meredith, I.T.; Knab, S.; Delagrange, D.; Lieberman, E.H.; Ganz, P.; Creager, M.A.; Yeung, A.C.; et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995, 26, 1235–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Takase, B.; Hamabe, A.; Satomura, K.; Akima, T.; Uehata, A.; Ohsuzu, F.; Ishihara, M.; Kurita, A. Close relationship between the vasodilator response to acetylcholine in the brachial and coronary artery in suspected coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005, 105, 58–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, F.; Patterson, D.; Belch, J.J.; Hirata, K.; Lang, C.C. Relationship between peripheral and coronary function using laser Doppler imaging and transthoracic echocardiography. Clin. Sci. 2008, 115, 295–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cardillo, C.; Kilcoyne, C.M.; Quyyumi, A.A.; Cannon, R.O.; Panza, J.A. Role of nitric oxide in the vasodilator response to mental stress in normal subjects. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997, 80, 1070–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, C.W.; Edwards, J.L.; Baruch, A.; Riley, W.A.; Pusser, B.E.; Rejeski, W.J.; Herrington, D.M. Effects of mental stress on brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in healthy normal individuals. Am. Heart J. 2000, 139, 405–411. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Green, D.J.; Jones, H.; Thijssen, D.; Cable, N.T.; Atkinson, G. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: Does nitric oxide matter? Hypertension 2011, 57, 363–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sherwood, A.; Johnson, K.; Blumenthal, J.A.; Hinderliter, A.L. Endothelial function and hemodynamic responses during mental stress. Psychosom. Med. 1999, 61, 365–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghiadoni, L.; Donald, A.E.; Cropley, M.; Mullen, M.J.; Oakley, G.; Taylor, M.; O’Connor, G.; Betteridge, J.; Klein, N.; Steptoe, A.; et al. Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation 2000, 102, 2473–2478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Takase, B.; Akima, T.; Uehata, A.; Ohsuzu, F.; Kurita, A. Effect of chronic stress and sleep deprivation on both flow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery and the intracellular magnesium level in humans. Clin. Cardiol. 2004, 27, 223–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, D.C.; Milic, M.S.; Tafur, J.R.; Mills, P.J.; Bardwell, W.A.; Ziegler, M.G.; Dimsdale, J.E. Adverse impact of mood on flow-mediated dilation. Psychosom. Med. 2010, 72, 122–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cooper, D.C.; Milic, M.S.; Mills, P.J.; Bardwell, W.A.; Ziegler, M.G.; Dimsdale, J.E. Endothelial Function: The Impact of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status on Flow-Mediated Dilation. Ann. Behav. Med. 2010, 39, 222–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Charles, L.E.; Fekedulegn, D.; Landsbergis, P.; Burchfiel, C.M.; Baron, S.; Kaufman, J.D.; Stukovsky, K.H.; Fujishiro, K.; Foy, C.G.; Andrew, M.E.; et al. Associations of work hours, job strain, and occupation with endothelial function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2014, 56, 1153–1160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mausbach, B.T.; Chattillion, E.; Roepke, S.K.; Ziegler, M.G.; Milic, M.; von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mills, P.J.; Patterson, T.L.; Allison, M.A.; et al. A longitudinal analysis of the relations among stress, depressive symptoms, leisure satisfaction, and endothelial function in caregivers. Health Psychol. 2012, 31, 433–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mausbach, B.T.; Roepke, S.K.; Ziegler, M.G.; Milic, M.; von Känel, R.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Mills, P.J.; Patterson, T.L.; Allison, M.A.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; et al. Association between chronic caregiving stress and impaired endothelial function in the elderly. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55, 2599–2606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kershaw, K.N.; Lane-Cordova, A.D.; Carnethon, M.R.; Tindle, H.A.; Liu, K. Chronic Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am. J. Hypertens. 2017, 30, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akaza, I.; Yoshimoto, T.; Tsuchiya, K.; Hirata, Y. Endothelial dysfunction aassociated with hypercortisolism is reversible in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocr. J. 2010, 57, 245–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mangos, G.J.; Walker, B.R.; Kelly, J.J.; Lawson, J.A.; Webb, D.J.; Whitworth, J.A. Cortisol inhibits cholinergic vasodilation in the human forearm. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000, 13, 1155–1160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Broadley, A.J.; Korszun, A.; Abdelaal, E.; Moskvina, V.; Jones, C.J.; Nash, G.B.; Ray, C.; Deanfield, J.; Frenneaux, M.P. Inhibition of cortisol production with metyrapone prevents mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impairment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005, 46, 344–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, K.M.; Bonar, C.A.; Estrella, J.L.; Yang, S. Inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid on coronary artery endothelial function. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2002, 283, H1922–H1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wallerath, T.; Witte, K.; Schäfer, S.C.; Schwarz, P.M.; Prellwitz, W.; Wohlfart, P.; Kleinert, H.; Lehr, H.A.; Lemmer, B.; Förstermann, U. Down-regulation of the expression of endothelial NO synthase is likely to contribute to glucocorticoid-mediated hypertension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 13357–13362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.; Mladinov, D.; Pietrusz, J.L.; Usa, K.; Liang, M. Glucocorticoid response elements and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Cardiovasc. Res. 2008, 81, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iuchi, T.; Akaike, M.; Mitsui, T.; Ohshima, Y.; Shintani, Y.; Azuma, H.; Matsumoto, T. Glucocorticoid excess induces superoxide production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ. Res. 2003, 92, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dakak, N.; Husain, S.; Mulcahy, D.; Andrews, N.P.; Panza, J.A.; Waclawiw, M.; Schenke, W.; Quyyumi, A.A. Contribution of nitric oxide to reactive hyperemia: Impact of endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 1998, 32, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kanse, S.M.; Takahashi, K.; Warren, J.B.; Ghatei, M.; Bloom, S.R. Glucocorticoids induce endothelin release from vascular smooth muscle cells but not endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharm. 1991, 199, 99–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, K.F.; Matthews, K.A. Interactions between autonomic nervous system activity and endothelial function: A model for the development of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66, 153–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mangiafico, R.A.; Malatino, L.S.; Attinà, T.; Messina, R.; Fiore, C.E. Exaggerated endothelin release in response to acute mental stress in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 2002, 53, 383–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treiber, F.A.; Kapuku, G.K.; Davis, H.; Pollock, J.S.; Pollock, D.M. Plasma endothelin-1 release during acute stress: Role of ethnicity and sex. Psychosom. Med. 2002, 64, 707–713. [Google Scholar]
- Spieker, L.E.; Hürlimann, D.; Ruschitzka, F.; Corti, R.; Enseleit, F.; Shaw, S.; Hayoz, D.; Deanfield, J.E.; Lüscher, T.F.; Noll, G. Mental stress induces prolonged endothelial dysfunction via endothelin-A receptors. Circulation 2002, 105, 2817–2820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hijmering, M.L.; Stroes, E.S.; Olijhoek, J.; Hutten, B.A.; Blankestijn, P.J.; Rabelink, T.J. Sympathetic activation markedly reduces endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39, 683–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eriksson, M.; Johansson, K.; Sarabi, M.; Lind, L. Mental stress impairs endothelial vasodilatory function by a beta-adrenergic mechanism. Endothelium 2007, 14, 151–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peller, M.; Ozierański, K.; Balsam, P.; Grabowski, M.; Filipiak, K.J.; Opolski, G. Influence of beta-blockers on endothelial function: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiol. J. 2015, 22, 708–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Halliwill, J.R.; Lawler, L.A.; Eickhoff, T.J.; Dietz, N.M.; Nauss, L.A.; Joyner, M.J. Forearm sympathetic withdrawal and vasodilatation during mental stress in humans. J. Physiol. 1997, 504 Pt 1, 211–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Gardner Sarah, E.; Clarke Murray, C.H. Cell Death, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Sterile Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2011, 31, 2781–2786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bierhaus, A.; Wolf, J.; Andrassy, M.; Rohleder, N.; Humpert, P.M.; Petrov, D.; Ferstl, R.; von Eynatten, M.; Wendt, T.; Rudofsky, G.; et al. A mechanism converting psychosocial stress into mononuclear cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 1920–1925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grace, P.M.; Hutchinson, M.R.; Maier, S.F.; Watkins, L.R. Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface. Nat Rev. Immunol. 2014, 14, 217–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.-Z.; Wang, Y.-X.; Jiang, C.-L. Inflammation: The Common Pathway of Stress-Related Diseases. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moore, K.J. Targeting inflammation in CVD: Advances and challenges. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2019, 16, 74–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marsland, A.L.; Walsh, C.; Lockwood, K.; John-Henderson, N.A. The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating and stimulated inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2017, 64, 208–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steptoe, A.; Hamer, M.; Chida, Y. The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: A review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2007, 21, 901–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, J.E.; Low, C.A.; Prather, A.A.; Cohen, S.; Fury, J.M.; Ross, D.C.; Marsland, A.L. Negative affective responses to a speech task predict changes in interleukin (IL)-6. Brain Behav. Immun. 2011, 25, 232–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fagundes, C.P.; Glaser, R.; Hwang, B.S.; Malarkey, W.B.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. Depressive symptoms enhance stress-induced inflammatory responses. Brain Behav. Immun. 2013, 31, 172–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Benson, S.; Arck, P.C.; Blois, S.; Schedlowski, M.; Elsenbruch, S. Subclinical depressive symptoms affect responses to acute psychosocial stress in healthy premenopausal women. Stress 2011, 14, 88–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Donnell, K.; Brydon, L.; Wright, C.E.; Steptoe, A. Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress. Brain Behav. Immun. 2008, 22, 1241–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hackett, R.A.; Hamer, M.; Endrighi, R.; Brydon, L.; Steptoe, A. Loneliness and stress-related inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in older men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37, 1801–1809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steptoe, A.; Owen, N.; Kunz-Ebrecht, S.; Mohamed-Ali, V. Inflammatory cytokines, socioeconomic status, and acute stress responsivity. Brain Behav. Immun. 2002, 16, 774–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brydon, L.; Edwards, S.; Mohamed-Ali, V.; Steptoe, A. Socioeconomic status and stress-induced increases in interleukin-6. Brain Behav. Immun. 2004, 18, 281–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamer, M.; Williams, E.; Vuonovirta, R.; Giacobazzi, P.; Gibson, E.L.; Steptoe, A. The effects of effort-reward imbalance on inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to mental stress. Psychosom. Med. 2006, 68, 408–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papanicolaou, D.A.; Petrides, J.S.; Tsigos, C.; Bina, S.; Kalogeras, K.T.; Wilder, R.; Gold, P.W.; Deuster, P.A.; Chrousos, G.P. Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: Inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines. Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 271, E601–E605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gosain, A.; Jones, S.B.; Shankar, R.; Gamelli, R.L.; DiPietro, L.A. Norepinephrine Modulates the Inflammatory and Proliferative Phases of Wound Healing. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2006, 60, 736–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolf, J.M.; Rohleder, N.; Bierhaus, A.; Nawroth, P.P.; Kirschbaum, C. Determinants of the NF-κB response to acute psychosocial stress in humans. Brain Behav. Immun. 2009, 23, 742–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kunz-Ebrecht, S.; Mohamed-Ali, V.; Feldman, P.; Kirschbaum, C.; Steptoe, A. Cortisol responses to mild psychological stress are inversely related with proinflammatory cytokines. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Kudielka, B.M.; Preckel, D.; Hanebuth, D.; Fischer, J.E. Delayed response and lack of habituation in plasma interleukin-6 to acute mental stress in men. Brain Behav. Immun. 2006, 20, 40–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lutgendorf, S.K.; Garand, L.; Buckwalter, K.C.; Reimer, T.T.; Hong, S.Y.; Lubaroff, D.M. Life stress, mood disturbance, and elevated interleukin-6 in healthy older women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 1999, 54, M434–M439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mausbach, B.T.; von Känel, R.; Roepke, S.K.; Moore, R.; Patterson, T.L.; Mills, P.J.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Ziegler, M.G.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Allison, M.; et al. Self-efficacy buffers the relationship between dementia caregiving stress and circulating concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2011, 19, 64–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K.; Preacher, K.J.; MacCallum, R.C.; Atkinson, C.; Malarkey, W.B.; Glaser, R. Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 9090–9095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rohleder, N.; Marin, T.J.; Ma, R.; Miller, G.E. Biologic cost of caring for a cancer patient: Dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 2909–2915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nazmi, A.; Victora, C.G. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials of C-reactive protein levels: A systematic review of population-based studies. BMC Public Health 2007, 7, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Friedman, E.M.; Herd, P. Income, education, and inflammation: Differential associations in a national probability sample (The MIDUS study). Psychosom. Med. 2010, 72, 290–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deverts, D.J.; Cohen, S.; Kalra, P.; Matthews, K.A. The prospective association of socioeconomic status with C-reactive protein levels in the CARDIA study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2012, 26, 1128–1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gouin, J.P.; Glaser, R.; Malarkey, W.B.; Beversdorf, D.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J. Chronic stress, daily stressors, and circulating inflammatory markers. Health Psychol. 2012, 31, 264–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lovell, B.; Moss, M.; Wetherell, M. The psychosocial, endocrine and immune consequences of caring for a child with autism or ADHD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37, 534–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Känel, R.; Mills, P.J.; Mausbach, B.T.; Dimsdale, J.E.; Patterson, T.L.; Ziegler, M.G.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Allison, M.; Chattillion, E.A.; Grant, I. Effect of Alzheimer caregiving on circulating levels of C-reactive protein and other biomarkers relevant to cardiovascular disease risk: A longitudinal study. Gerontology 2012, 58, 354–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Von Känel, R.; Bellingrath, S.; Kudielka, B.M. Association between burnout and circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in schoolteachers. J. Psychosom. Res. 2008, 65, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellingrath, S.; Rohleder, N.; Kudielka, B.M. Healthy working school teachers with high effort-reward-imbalance and overcommitment show increased pro-inflammatory immune activity and a dampened innate immune defence. Brain Behav. Immun. 2010, 24, 1332–1339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grossi, G.; Perski, A.; Evengård, B.; Blomkvist, V.; Orth-Gomér, K. Physiological correlates of burnout among women. J. Psychosom. Res. 2003, 55, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toker, S.; Shirom, A.; Shapira, I.; Berliner, S.; Melamed, S. The association between burnout, depression, anxiety, and inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in men and women. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2005, 10, 344–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mommersteeg, P.M.; Heijnen, C.J.; Kavelaars, A.; van Doornen, L.J. Immune and endocrine function in burnout syndrome. Psychosom. Med. 2006, 68, 879–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McEwen, B.S. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 583, 174–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, N.; Ray, D.W.; Matthews, L.C. Current concepts in glucocorticoid resistance. Steroids 2012, 77, 1041–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fleshner, M.; Crane, C.R. Exosomes, DAMPs and miRNA: Features of Stress Physiology and Immune Homeostasis. Trends Immunol. 2017, 38, 768–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beninson, L.A.; Brown, P.N.; Loughridge, A.B.; Saludes, J.P.; Maslanik, T.; Hills, A.K.; Woodworth, T.; Craig, W.; Yin, H.; Fleshner, M. Acute stressor exposure modifies plasma exosome-associated heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and microRNA (miR-142-5p and miR-203). PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e108748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liguori, I.; Russo, G.; Curcio, F.; Bulli, G.; Aran, L.; Della-Morte, D.; Gargiulo, G.; Testa, G.; Cacciatore, F.; Bonaduce, D.; et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin. Interv. Aging 2018, 13, 757–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Münzel, T.; Daiber, A. Environmental Stressors and Their Impact on Health and Disease with Focus on Oxidative Stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2017, 28, 735–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steven, S.; Frenis, K.; Oelze, M.; Kalinovic, S.; Kuntic, M.; Bayo Jimenez, M.T.; Vujacic-Mirski, K.; Helmstädter, J.; Kröller-Schön, S.; Münzel, T.; et al. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 2019, 7092151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Durgin, B.G.; Straub, A.C. Redox control of vascular smooth muscle cell function and plasticity. Lab. Investig. 2018, 98, 1254–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laurindo, F.R.M. Chapter 10—Redox Cellular Signaling Pathways in Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Disease. In Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases; Da Luz, P.L., Libby, P., Chagas, A.C.P., Laurindo, F.R.M., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2018; pp. 127–145. [Google Scholar]
- Madamanchi Nageswara, R.; Vendrov, A.; Runge Marschall, S. Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005, 25, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cadroy, Y.; Dupouy, D.; Boneu, B.; Plaisancié, H. Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Modulate Tissue Factor Production by Mononuclear Cells: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. J. Immunol. 2000, 164, 3822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Görlach, A.; Brandes, R.P.; Bassus, S.; Kronemann, N.; Kirchmaier, C.M.; Busse, R.; Schini-Kerth, V.B. Oxidative stress and expression of p22phox are involved in the up-regulation of tissue factor in vascular smooth muscle cells in response to activated platelets. FASEB J. 2000, 14, 1518–1528. [Google Scholar]
- Herkert, O.; Diebold, I.; Brandes, R.P.; Hess, J.; Busse, R.; Görlach, A. NADPH oxidase mediates tissue factor-dependent surface procoagulant activity by thrombin in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2002, 105, 2030–2036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Swiatkowska, M.; Szemraj, J.; Al-Nedawi, K.N.; Pawłowska, Z. Reactive oxygen species upregulate expression of PAI-1 in endothelial cells. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2002, 7, 1065–1071. [Google Scholar]
- Kader, K.N.; Akella, R.; Ziats, N.P.; Lakey, L.A.; Harasaki, H.; Ranieri, J.P.; Bellamkonda, R.V. eNOS-overexpressing endothelial cells inhibit platelet aggregation and smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. Tissue Eng. 2000, 6, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujimoto, Y.; Tagano, S.; Ogawa, K.; Sakuma, S.; Fujita, T. Comparison of the effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on the 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid in rabbit platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids 1998, 59, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freedman, J.E.; Ting, B.; Hankin, B.; Loscalzo, J.; Keaney, J.F., Jr.; Vita, J.A. Impaired platelet production of nitric oxide predicts presence of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1998, 98, 1481–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siegrist, J.; Sies, H. Disturbed Redox Homeostasis in Oxidative Distress. Circ. Res. 2017, 121, 103–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mayorov, D.N. Brain superoxide as a key regulator of the cardiovascular response to emotional stress in rabbits. Exp. Physiol. 2007, 92, 471–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schiavone, S.; Jaquet, V.; Trabace, L.; Krause, K.-H. Severe Life Stress and Oxidative Stress in the Brain: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2012, 18, 1475–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Atanackovic, D.; Schulze, J.; Kröger, H.; Brunner-Weinzierl, M.C.; Deter, H.C. Acute psychological stress induces a prolonged suppression of the production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 2003, 142, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atanackovic, D.; Brunner-Weinzierl, M.C.; Kröger, H.; Serke, S.; Deter, H.C. Acute psychological stress simultaneously alters hormone levels, recruitment of lymphocyte subsets, and production of reactive oxygen species. Immunol. Investig. 2002, 31, 73–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Feng, X.; Hu, X.; Sha, J.; Li, B.; Zhang, H.; Fan, H. Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Acute Stress-Induced Kidney Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis through Inhibition of the ROS/JNK Signaling Pathway. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 2018, 4035310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Do Vale, G.T.; Leoni, D.; Sousa, A.H.; Gonzaga, N.A.; Uliana, D.L.; La Gata, D.C.; Resstel, L.B.; Padovan, C.M.; Tirapelli, C.R. Acute restraint stress increases blood pressure and oxidative stress in the cardiorenal system of rats: A role for AT1 receptors. Stress 2020, 23, 328–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ieraci, A.; Herrera, D.G. Nicotinamide Inhibits Ethanol-Induced Caspase-3 and PARP-1 Over-activation and Subsequent Neurodegeneration in the Developing Mouse Cerebellum. Cerebellum 2018, 17, 326–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eros, K.; Magyar, K.; Deres, L.; Skazel, A.; Riba, A.; Vamos, Z.; Kalai, T.; Gallyas, F., Jr.; Sumegi, B.; Toth, K.; et al. Chronic PARP-1 inhibition reduces carotid vessel remodeling and oxidative damage of the dorsal hippocampus in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0174401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuchukashvili, Z.; Menabde, K.; Chachua, M.; Burjanadze, G.; Chipashvili, M.; Koshoridze, N. Functional state of rat cardiomyocytes and blood antioxidant system under psycho-emotional stress. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2011, 43, 480–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Said, M.A.; El-Gohary, O.A. Effect of noise stress on cardiovascular system in adult male albino rat: Implication of stress hormones, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2016, 35, 371–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takaki, J. Associations of job stress indicators with oxidative biomarkers in Japanese men and women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 6662–6671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aschbacher, K.; O’Donovan, A.; Wolkowitz, O.M.; Dhabhar, F.S.; Su, Y.; Epel, E. Good stress, bad stress and oxidative stress: Insights from anticipatory cortisol reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38, 1698–1708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cervantes Gracia, K.; Llanas-Cornejo, D.; Husi, H. CVD and Oxidative Stress. J. Clin. Med. 2017, 6, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burg, M.M.; Edmondson, D.; Shimbo, D.; Shaffer, J.; Kronish, I.M.; Whang, W.; Alcántara, C.; Schwartz, J.E.; Muntner, P.; Davidson, K.W. The ‘perfect storm’ and acute coronary syndrome onset: Do psychosocial factors play a role? Prog Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 55, 601–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Parameter | Effect on Thrombosis | Stress Type | Subjects Status | Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
GP-Ib | Increased levels lead to higher platelet adhesion | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [35] |
Acute | Healthy | = [42,57] | ||
Acute | Stable angina | = [43] | ||
Gp IIb-IIIa complex | Increased levels lead to higher platelet activation | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [35] |
Acute | Healthy | = [42,43] | ||
Acute | Stable angina | = [43] | ||
Acute | CAD and CHD | ↑ [46,47,48] | ||
P-selectin | Increased levels lead to higher platelet adhesion to the surface of activated endothelial cells and higher activated platelets | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [35,57] |
Acute | CAD and CHD | ↑ [46,47,48] | ||
Chronic-Caregivers | Healthy | ↑ [60,61] | ||
Platelet-leukocytes aggregates | Increased levels are considered a marker of prothrombotic state | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [35,40] |
Acute | CAD | ↑ [45] | ||
Platelets aggregates | Increased levels facilitate arterial thrombus formation | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [38] |
Acute | CAD | ↑ [44] | ||
Chronic- Low SES | Healthy | ↑ [48] | ||
Platelets count | Increased levels lead to higher thrombotic risk | Acute | Healthy | ↑ [35] |
Acute Stress | ||
---|---|---|
Parameter | Analyzed Parameter | Variation |
Coagulation | FVIIa | ↑ [72,76,79] |
FVII:Ag | = [111] | |
FVIIIa | ↑ [72,76] | |
FVIII:Ag | = [111] | |
FXIIa | ↑ [72,76] | |
FXII:Ag | = [111] | |
Fibrinogen | ↑/= [79]/[72] | |
vWF | ↑ [20,72,76,78] | |
TAT | ↑ [78] | |
D-dimer | ↑ [20,76,78] | |
% PT | ↑ [73,80] | |
aPTT | ↓/= [73,80]/[81,82] | |
Fibrinolysis | t-PAa | ↑ [20,76,78,79,112] |
PAI-1 activity | = [79,112] | |
PAI-1:Ag | ↓ [113] |
Chronic Stress | |||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Analyzed Parameter | Stress Domain | Variation |
Coagulation | FVIIa | Low SES | ↑ [88,89] |
Job stress | ↑ [49,90,91] | ||
FVIIIa | Job stress | ↑ [49,90,91] | |
Fibrinogen | Low SES | ↑ [88,89] | |
Job stress | ↑ [49,90,91] | ||
vWF | Caregivers | ↑ [92,93,94] | |
TAT | Caregivers | ↑ [92,93,94] | |
D-dimer | Low SES | ↑ [88,89] | |
Caregivers | ↑ [92,93,94] | ||
% PT | Job stress | = [49,90,91] | |
aPTT | Job stress | = [49,90,91] | |
Fibrinolysis | t-PAa t-PA:Ag PAI-1 activity | Job stress | ↓ [49,90,91] |
Caregivers | ↑ [9,92,93,94,112] | ||
Low SES | ↑ [88,89] | ||
Job stress | ↑ [49,90,91] | ||
Caregivers | ↑ [92,93,94] |
Parameter | Acute | Chronic |
---|---|---|
IL-1β | ↑ [159,160] | ? |
IL-2 | ↑ [159,160] | ? |
IL-6 | ↑ [159,160] | ↑ [95,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,185] |
IL-10 | ↑ [159,160] | ? |
TNF-α | ↑ [159,160] | ↑ [95,174,175,184,185] |
CRP | ↑ [160] | ↑ [178,179,180,186,187] |
= [159] | = [95,181,182] | |
IL-8 | = [159,160] | ? |
IL-12 | = [159,160] | ? |
IL-4 | = [159,160] | ? |
IL-1ra | = [159,160] | ? |
IFNγ | = [159,160] | ? |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sandrini, L.; Ieraci, A.; Amadio, P.; Zarà, M.; Barbieri, S.S. Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on Thrombosis in Healthy Individuals and Cardiovascular Disease Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217818
Sandrini L, Ieraci A, Amadio P, Zarà M, Barbieri SS. Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on Thrombosis in Healthy Individuals and Cardiovascular Disease Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217818
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandrini, Leonardo, Alessandro Ieraci, Patrizia Amadio, Marta Zarà, and Silvia Stella Barbieri. 2020. "Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on Thrombosis in Healthy Individuals and Cardiovascular Disease Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217818