Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Reactive Oxygen Species
3. Melatonin—A Circadian Rhythm Regulator with Antioxidant Properties
4. Vitamin D—Function and Antioxidant Effect
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
1O2 | singlet oxygen |
3-OHM | 3-hydroxymelatonin |
4-HNE | trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal |
AAAD | aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase |
AANAT | aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase |
AFMK | N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine |
AMK | N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine |
ASMT | acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase |
CAT | catalase |
CNS | central nervous system |
CREB | cAMP response element-binding protein |
DBP | vitamin D-binding protein |
DCF | 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein |
DCFH | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin |
DCFH-DA | 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate |
ERKs | signal-regulated kinases |
GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
GR | glutathione reductase |
GSH | glutathione |
GSSG | glutathione disulfide |
HUVEC | human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
IP | intraperitoneal injection |
IR | ionizing radiation |
LET | linear energy transfer |
MAPKs | mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
Nrf2 | nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 |
O2•− | superoxide anion radical |
OH• | hydroxyl radical |
ONOO- | peroxynitrite |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PLP | pyridoxal phosphate |
PO | oral administration |
RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RXR | retinoid-X receptor |
SAM | S-adenosyl methionine |
SC | subcutaneous injection |
SCN | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
TAC | total antioxidant capacity |
TPH | tryptophan hydroxylase |
VDR | vitamin D receptor |
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Subjects | Melatonin Dosage (Route of Administration) | Time of Melatonin Administration | Radiation Dosage (Irradiation Area) | Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats | 10 and 20 mg/kg (IP injection) | Immediately before and after irradiation | X-ray radiation of 8 Gy (whole body) | Melatonin reduced the levels of MDA and increased the GSH concentration. | [134] |
Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats | 30 and 5 mg/kg (IP injection) | 30 min prior to irradiation and on the following days of experiment | Gamma radiation of 5 and 8 Gy (total cranial) | Melatonin decreased the formation of late side effects of radiation. Melatonin administration during radiotherapy protected ocular lenses against radiation-induced oxidative injuries. | [129] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 100 and 5 mg/kg (IP injection) | 30 min before irradiation and once a day per after irradiation | Gamma radiation 22 Gy (cervical segment of the spinal cord) | Melatonin increased survival rate and decreased histopathological changes. | [127] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 50 mg/kg (IP injection) | 15 min prior to irradiation | 18 Gy (anatomical area of the heart position) | Melatonin prevented the development of vasculitis, reduced myocyte necrosis and cardiac fibrosis. | [126] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 10, 20, and 10 mg/kg (IP injection) | Before irradiation, just after irradiation and 24h after irradiation | Gamma radiation 8 Gy, twice (whole body and abdominopelvic) | Melatonin administration inhibited primary spermatocyte degeneration. | [130] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 0.2 mg/day (IP injection) | Once a day for 14 days before irradiation | Gamma radiation 8 Gy (whole body) | Melatonin had a protective effect on suprarenal gland. | [131] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 5 and 10 mg/kg (IP injection) | 30 min before irradiation | Gamma radiation 6 Gy (whole body) | Melatonin decreased hepatic MDA and nitric oxide (NO) levels. | [135] |
Adult male Wistar rats | 45 mg/day (PO) | Once a day for 21 days before irradiation | X-ray 7.5 Gy/day for five consecutive days (oral cavity) | Melatonin increased the activities and protein levels of GPx, GR, SOD2 and strongly decreased inflammasome activation. | [125] |
Adult both sexes Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg (IP injection) | For 5 days post radiation | Total dose of 7.2 Gy in two fractions (whole body) | Melatonin reduced MDA level, rates of oedema, necrosis, neuronal degeneration, and vasodilatation. | [133] |
Adult male mice | From 0.9–1.0 to 1.2 mg/kg (PO) | From the third day after irradiation | Gamma radiation 9.5–10 Gy (whole body) | Melatonin reduced symptoms of acute radiation sickness, increased survival rate and leukocyte level. | [136] |
Adult male Swiss albino mice | 0.1 mg/kg/day (PO) | 15 consecutive days prior to radiation | Gamma radiation 6, 8 and 10 Gy (whole body) | Melatonin reduced lipid peroxidation, glutathione disulphide (GSSG) level, deficit in the body and organ weight. Melatonin increased GSH level and survival rate. | [132] |
Young adult male squirrels | 250 mg/kg (SC injection) | Once a day for four weeks before irradiation | X-ray radiation of 2.06 Gy (abdominal, near the splenic region) | Long term melatonin treatment protected the splenocytes and modulated endogenous DNA repair activity. | [128] |
In vitro, human blood | 300 mg (PO) | 1 h before irradiation of blood sample | Gamma radiation 1 Gy (blood sample) | Melatonin reduced primary DNA damage. | [137] |
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Nuszkiewicz, J.; Woźniak, A.; Szewczyk-Golec, K. Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165804
Nuszkiewicz J, Woźniak A, Szewczyk-Golec K. Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(16):5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165804
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuszkiewicz, Jarosław, Alina Woźniak, and Karolina Szewczyk-Golec. 2020. "Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16: 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165804
APA StyleNuszkiewicz, J., Woźniak, A., & Szewczyk-Golec, K. (2020). Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress—The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165804