Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

Ceccarelli, Fulvia; Perricone, Carlo; Olivieri, Giulio; Cipriano, Enrica; Spinelli, Francesca Romana; Valesini, Guido; Conti, Fabrizio

doi:10.3390/ijms20225624

Open AccessReview

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

by

Fulvia Ceccarelli

^*,†,

Carlo Perricone

^†

,

Giulio Olivieri

,

Enrica Cipriano

,

Francesca Romana Spinelli

,

Guido Valesini

and

Fabrizio Conti

Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(22), 5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624

Submission received: 30 September 2019 / Revised: 1 November 2019 / Accepted: 6 November 2019 / Published: 11 November 2019

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)

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Abstract

The role of infective agents in autoimmune diseases (ADs) development has been historically investigated, but in the last years has been strongly reconsidered due to the interest in the link between the microbiome and ADs. Together with the gut, the skin microbiome is characterized by the presence of several microorganisms, potentially influencing innate and adaptive immune response. S. aureus is one of the most important components of the skin microbiome that can colonize anterior nares without clinical manifestations. Data from the literature demonstrates a significantly higher prevalence of nasal colonization in ADs patients in comparison with healthy subjects, suggesting a possible role in terms of disease development and phenotypes. Thus, in the present narrative review we focused on the mechanisms by which S. aureus could influence the immune response and on its relationship with ADs, in particular granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Keywords: autoimmune diseases; Staphylococcus aureus; colonization; pathogenesis; phenotype

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ceccarelli, F.; Perricone, C.; Olivieri, G.; Cipriano, E.; Spinelli, F.R.; Valesini, G.; Conti, F. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624

AMA Style

Ceccarelli F, Perricone C, Olivieri G, Cipriano E, Spinelli FR, Valesini G, Conti F. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(22):5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ceccarelli, Fulvia, Carlo Perricone, Giulio Olivieri, Enrica Cipriano, Francesca Romana Spinelli, Guido Valesini, and Fabrizio Conti. 2019. "Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22: 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624

APA Style

Ceccarelli, F., Perricone, C., Olivieri, G., Cipriano, E., Spinelli, F. R., Valesini, G., & Conti, F. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(22), 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624

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Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

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