Comparative Study of Extracellular Proteolytic, Cellulolytic, and Hemicellulolytic Enzyme Activities and Biotransformation of Palm Kernel Cake Biomass by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Malaysian Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
2.1.1. Effect of pH on the Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
2.1.2. Rating of the Overall Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
2.2. Solid State Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake
2.2.1. Viable Cell Count of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
2.2.2. Reducing Sugar Concentration of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
2.2.3. Solubilised Protein Concentration of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
2.2.4. Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
2.2.5. Attachment and Growth of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains on Palm Kernel Cake
3. Discussion
3.1. Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
3.1.1. Effect of pH on Specific Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
3.1.2. Rating of Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
3.2. Solid State Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake
3.2.1. LAB Viable Count of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
3.2.2. Solubilised Protein Concentration of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
3.2.3. Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
3.2.4. Attachment and Growth of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains on Palm Kernel Cake
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Microorganisms and Maintenance
4.2. Preparation of Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzymes
4.3. Effect of pH on Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities
4.4. Cellulase and Hemicellulase Activities
4.5. Endoproteolytic Activity
4.6. Protein Concentration Determination
4.7. Rating of Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains
4.8. Solid State Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake
4.9. Lactic Acid Bacteria Viable Count of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake Extract
4.10. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analyses of Fermented Palm Kernel Cake
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PKC | Palm kernel cake |
SSF | Solid state fermentation |
LAB | Lactic acid bacteria |
GRAS | Generally recognized as safe |
QPS | Quantified presumption of safety |
MRS | deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe |
CFU | Colony forming unit |
CFS | Cell free supernatant |
CMCase | Carboxymethylcellulase |
FPase | Filter paper-ase |
EB | Enzyme blank |
SB | Substrate blank |
RM | Reaction mixture |
DNS | 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid |
NaOH | Sodium hydroxide |
dH2O | Deionised water |
Abs | Absorbance |
RA | Reference absorbance |
SEM | Standard error of mean |
OsO4 | Osmium tetraoxide |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
L. plantarum | Lactobacillus plantarum |
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Days | Reducing Sugar Concentration (mg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | R111 | RG11 | RG14 | |
Day 0 | 0.49cA | 0.68aA | 0.59aA | 0.61aA |
Day 2 | 0.61bcA | 0.44bB | 0.19dC | 0.23bcC |
Day 4 | 0.62bcA | 0.24cdB | 0.21cdB | 0.21cB |
Day 6 | 0.67abcA | 0.21cdB | 0.29bcB | 0.24bcB |
Day 8 | 0.70abcA | 0.16dC | 0.28bcB | 0.21cBC |
Day 10 | 0.73abcA | 0.24cdBC | 0.25bcdB | 0.20cC |
Day 12 | 0.79abA | 0.24cdB | 0.30bB | 0.23bcB |
Day 14 | 0.93aA | 0.27cB | 0.30bB | 0.31bB |
SEM ± | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Days | Solubilized Protein Concentration (mg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | R111 | RG11 | RG14 | |
Day 0 | 0.95bA | 0.99aA | 0.95aA | 0.94aA |
Day 2 | 0.98bA | 1.00aA | 0.86aA | 0.92aA |
Day 4 | 1.03abA | 0.93aA | 0.93aA | 0.91aA |
Day 6 | 1.09abA | 1.00aA | 1.05aA | 0.99aA |
Day 8 | 1.18abA | 1.00aA | 1.05aA | 1.03aA |
Day 10 | 1.20abA | 1.00aA | 1.05aA | 1.00aA |
Day 12 | 1.17abA | 1.02aA | 1.05aA | 0.98aA |
Day 14 | 1.27aA | 1.07aA | 1.10aA | 1.11aA |
SEM ± | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
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Lee, F.H.; Wan, S.Y.; Foo, H.L.; Loh, T.C.; Mohamad, R.; Abdul Rahim, R.; Idrus, Z. Comparative Study of Extracellular Proteolytic, Cellulolytic, and Hemicellulolytic Enzyme Activities and Biotransformation of Palm Kernel Cake Biomass by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Malaysian Foods. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204979
Lee FH, Wan SY, Foo HL, Loh TC, Mohamad R, Abdul Rahim R, Idrus Z. Comparative Study of Extracellular Proteolytic, Cellulolytic, and Hemicellulolytic Enzyme Activities and Biotransformation of Palm Kernel Cake Biomass by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Malaysian Foods. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):4979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204979
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Fu Haw, Suet Ying Wan, Hooi Ling Foo, Teck Chwen Loh, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Raha Abdul Rahim, and Zulkifli Idrus. 2019. "Comparative Study of Extracellular Proteolytic, Cellulolytic, and Hemicellulolytic Enzyme Activities and Biotransformation of Palm Kernel Cake Biomass by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Malaysian Foods" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 4979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204979