In Silico Study of the Resistance to Organophosphorus Pesticides Associated with Point Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase of Lepidoptera: B. mandarina, B. mori, C. auricilius, C. suppressalis, C. pomonella, H. armígera, P. xylostella, S. frugiperda, and S. litura
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Computational Protocol
2.2. Molecular Docking of OPs on AChE Enzymes
2.3. Docking of OPs Molecules on AChE-1 and AChE-2 (Wild Type)
2.4. Docking of OPs Molecules on Modified AChE-1
2.5. Docking of OPs Molecules on Modified AChE-2
3. Discussion
3.1. Construction of Molecular Models
3.2. Docking Results of Acetylcholine Evaluations on AChE
3.3. Docking Results of Psoralen Evaluations on AChE
3.4. Resistance-Associate Mutation on AChE
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Homology Modeling
4.2. Point Mutations on the AChE Structures
4.3. Ligands Used in Docking
4.4. Verification of Computational Methodology
4.5. Molecular Docking of Ligands Targeting AChE Enzymes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AChE | acetylcholinesterase |
AChE-1wild type | form 1 acetylcholinesterase, wild type, without mutations |
AChE-1modified | form 1 acetylcholinesterase, modified, with puntual mutations |
AChE-2 wild type | form 2 acetylcholinesterase, wild type, without mutations |
AChE-2 modified | form 2 acetylcholinesterase, modified, with puntual mutations |
OP | organophosphorus |
ΔGb | binding energy |
RMSD | root-mean-square deviation |
Qscore | quality of alignment |
Appendix A
Results for the Homology Modeling and Multiple Alignment of AChE Enzymes
AChE-1 Model | Template | SeqI | GMQE | QMEANZs | SeqS | Range/Covererage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. mandarina | 5YDJ | 68.77 | 0.73 | −1.64 | 0.52 | 103-642/0.83 |
B. mori | 5YDJ | 70.62 | 0.74 | −1.60 | 0.53 | 103-642/0.80 |
C. auricilius | 5YDJ | 66.39 | 0.72 | −1.70 | 0.51 | 114-653/0.88 |
C. suppressalis | 5YDJ | 67.46 | 0.71 | −2.27 | 0.51 | 87-653/0.85 |
C. pomonella | 5YDJ | 66.99 | 0.72 | −1.43 | 0.51 | 111-650/0.88 |
H. armígera | 5YDJ | 67.27 | 0.72 | −1.45 | 0.51 | 115-654/0.87 |
P. xylostella | 5YDJ | 67.49 | 0.74 | −1.47 | 0.51 | 98-638/0.90 |
S. litura | 5YDJ | 67.27 | 0.73 | −1.42 | 0.51 | 114-653/0.88 |
AChE-2 Model | Template | SeqI | GMQE | QMEAN | SeqS | Range/Covererage |
B. mandarina | 1DX4 | 59.10 | 0.72 | −2.38 | 0.49 | 53-603/0.87 |
B. mori | 1DX4 | 60.18 | 0.74 | −2.52 | 0.49 | 53-603/0.87 |
C. auricilius | 1DX4 | 60.81 | 0.74 | −2.51 | 0.50 | 53-600/0.86 |
C. suppressalis | 1DX4 | 58.08 | 0.71 | −3.00 | 0.48 | 53-542/0.84 |
C. pomonella | 1DX4 | 60.72 | 0.74 | −2.46 | 0.49 | 53-603/0.87 |
H. armígera | 1DX4 | 60.36 | 0.73 | −2.90 | 0.49 | 62-612/0.86 |
P. xylostella | 1DX4 | 60.54 | 0.74 | −2.67 | 0.49 | 53-603/0.87 |
S. litura | 1DX4 | 60.54 | 0.74 | −2.23 | 0.49 | 53-603/0.87 |
Appendix B
Verification of Computational Methodology
Ligands | ΔGb * | ΔGb | ΔΔGb |
---|---|---|---|
Psoralen | −6.84 a | −6.97 | 0.13 |
Dimefox | −4.14 b | −4.39 | 0.25 |
Dichlorvos | −4.47 b | −5.52 | 1.05 |
Phoxim ethyl phosphonate | −6.25 b | −7.33 | 1.08 |
Heptenophos | −5.66 b | −6.83 | 1.17 |
Methamidophos | −5.87 b | −4.45 | −1.42 |
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Model | AChE-1 | AChE-2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nres | %SI | RMSD | Qscore | Nres | %SI | RMSD | Qscore | |
B. mandarina | 539 | 71.8 | 0.4837 | 0.935 | 551 | 62.9 | 0.3079 | 0.808 |
B. mori | 539 | 72.0 | 0.4837 | 0.935 | 551 | 62.9 | 0.3079 | 0.808 |
C. auricilius | 540 | 71.0 | 0.3956 | 0.941 | 548 | 63.1 | 0.3553 | 0.810 |
C. suppressalis | 540 | 71.0 | 0.4593 | 0.936 | 493 | 62.7 | 0.5486 | 0.883 |
C. pomonella | 551 | 44.1 | 1.3909 | 0.772 | 540 | 40.4 | 1.4337 | 0.678 |
H. armígera | 540 | 72.0 | 0.3577 | 0.944 | 551 | 63.1 | 0.3514 | 0.806 |
P. xylostella | 541 | 71.6 | 0.3695 | 0.942 | 551 | 63.3 | 0.3626 | 0.805 |
S. litura | 540 | 72.0 | 0.3354 | 0.946 | 551 | 63.3 | 0.3784 | 0.804 |
Genus Species | # Cases: | OPs Insecticide | |
---|---|---|---|
Plutella xylostella£ | 862 | 279 * | 1c, 2c*, 4c*, 5c, 6c, 7c, 10c, 11c, 12c, 13c, 15c, 18c, 19c, 21c, 22c, 24c, 26c, 28c, 28c, 29c, 30c, 31c, 32c, 33c, 34c, 35c, 36c, 37c, 40c*, and 43c |
Helicoverpa armígera£ | 856 | 129 * | 3c, 4c*, 10c, 12c, 30c, 31c, 37c*, and 43c |
Spodoptera litura£ | 644 | 251 * | 4c*, 5c, 6c, 10c, 15c, 30c, 35c, 37c*, 42c, and 43c* |
Spodoptera exigua | 525 | 303 * | 4c*, 12c, 30c, and 37c* |
Cydia pomonella£ | 193 | 46 * | 1c, 3c*, 4c*, 12c*, and 17c |
Chilo suppressalis£ | 148 | 79 * | 1c, 4c, 5c, 11c, 15c, 21c, 33c, and 35c |
Earias vittella | 128 | 32 * | 4c, 35c, and 37c |
Spodoptera frugiperda£ | 125 | 57 * | 2c*, 4c, 5c, 6c, 10c, 12c,15c, and 38c |
Heliothis virescens | 120 | --- | 1c, 12c, 16c, 17c, 27c, and 38c |
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Reyes-Espinosa, F.; Méndez-Álvarez, D.; Pérez-Rodríguez, M.A.; Herrera-Mayorga, V.; Juárez-Saldivar, A.; Cruz-Hernández, M.A.; Rivera, G. In Silico Study of the Resistance to Organophosphorus Pesticides Associated with Point Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase of Lepidoptera: B. mandarina, B. mori, C. auricilius, C. suppressalis, C. pomonella, H. armígera, P. xylostella, S. frugiperda, and S. litura. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102404
Reyes-Espinosa F, Méndez-Álvarez D, Pérez-Rodríguez MA, Herrera-Mayorga V, Juárez-Saldivar A, Cruz-Hernández MA, Rivera G. In Silico Study of the Resistance to Organophosphorus Pesticides Associated with Point Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase of Lepidoptera: B. mandarina, B. mori, C. auricilius, C. suppressalis, C. pomonella, H. armígera, P. xylostella, S. frugiperda, and S. litura. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(10):2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102404
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes-Espinosa, Francisco, Domingo Méndez-Álvarez, Miguel A. Pérez-Rodríguez, Verónica Herrera-Mayorga, Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar, María A. Cruz-Hernández, and Gildardo Rivera. 2019. "In Silico Study of the Resistance to Organophosphorus Pesticides Associated with Point Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase of Lepidoptera: B. mandarina, B. mori, C. auricilius, C. suppressalis, C. pomonella, H. armígera, P. xylostella, S. frugiperda, and S. litura" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10: 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102404