Next Article in Journal
Functional Analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana CDPK-Related Kinase Family: AtCRK1 Regulates Responses to Continuous Light
Previous Article in Journal
Liver Transplantation and Gut Microbiota Profiling in a Child Colonized by a Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A New Approach to Move from Antibiotic to “Eubiotic” Control of Microbial Resistance
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 19
Issue 5
10.3390/ijms19051281
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Ethylene Responsive Factor MeERF72 Negatively Regulates Sucrose synthase 1 Gene in Cassava

by
Chen Liu
1,2,3,†,
Xin Chen
2,3,†,
Ping’an Ma
4,
Shengkui Zhang
2,3,5,
Changying Zeng
2,3,
Xingyu Jiang
1,* and
Wenquan Wang
2,3,*
1
Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2
The Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
3
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
4
College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
5
College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(5), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051281
Submission received: 26 February 2018 / Revised: 25 March 2018 / Accepted: 29 March 2018 / Published: 25 April 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cassava, an important food and industrial crop globally, is characterized by its powerful starch accumulation in its storage root. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for this feature remains unclear. Sucrose synthase initializes the conversion of sucrose to starch, and, to a certain extent, its enzyme activity can represent sink strength. To understand the modulation of MeSus gene family, the relatively high expressed member in storage root, MeSus1, its promoter was used as bait to screen cassava storage root full-length cDNA library through a yeast one-hybrid system. An ethylene responsive factor cDNA, designated as MeERF72 according to its homolog in Arabidopsis, was screened out. The transcript level of MeERF72 was induced by ethylene, drought, and salt treatments and repressed by abscisic acid, Auxin, gibberellin, salicylic acid, and low and high temperatures. The MeERF72 protein has a conserved APETALA2 domain in its N-terminus and an activated domain of 30 amino acids in its C-terminus, can bind to MeSus1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, and represses the promoter activity of MeSus1. MeERF72 is a transcription factor that can negatively regulate the expression level of MeSus1 in cassava.

1. Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ranks in the top six food crops in the world, especially in the tropics, because of its high efficient accumulation of carbohydrates in its storage roots while also adaptable to the high luminous intensities and high temperatures of tropical environments. In the starch biosynthesis pathway, sucrose synthase (Sus), in the first step, catalyzes the reciprocally exploded sucrose into uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc). Also, UDPGlc is the precursor of starch synthesis. The Sus enzyme activity can be induced by sucrose and oxygen deficiency in wound treatments [1]. Sus is present in various plant tissues and shows higher enzyme activity in sink organs.
Overexpressing or silencing a specific member of the Sus gene family in plants could significantly affect their phenotype. Repression of Sus expression in potato to 2–6% of the wild type results in the decrease in starch content and root yield [2]. Meanwhile, Sus4 overexpression led to the improvement of starch, adenonsine diphosphate (ADPG), UDPGlc content, and root/seed yield in potato and maize [3,4]. Furthermore, Sus overexpression from Arabidopsis and Populus in tobacco increased cell sucrose content, cell wall thickness, plant height and shortened life cycle [5,6]. The enzyme activity of Sus significantly affects the ability to assimilate photosynthetic products in plant sink organs, indicating that it is an important enzyme for starch biosynthesis, and its activity can represent sink strength in plant.
Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone widely involved in the regulation of plant development and senescence, particularly seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, organ abscission and fruit maturation [7], and ethylene inhibitors could enhance sucrose synthase activity and promote the grain filling of basal rice kernel [8]. It is also a signal to adapt to environmental changes via an ethylene–ETRs (ethylene resistant)–CTR1 (constructive triple response)–EIN2 (ethylene insensitive 2)–EIN3/EILs (ethylene insensitive 3/EIN3 like 1)–ERFs (ethylene responsive factors)–ethylene response [9,10]. ERFs belong to the APETALA2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERF) subfamily and are located in the most downstream of the transduction pathway [11]. Previous reports demonstrated that ERFs are involved in the regulation of starch biosynthesis genes aside from its already known functions. For instance, OsRSR1, a member of AP2/ERF subfamily, negatively co-expressed with starch biosynthesis related genes, and rsr1 mutants have larger seed size, higher starch content and yield [12]. OsSERF72 also can negatively regulate the expression levels of GBSSI, SSI, SSIIIa, and AGPL2 and directly bind to the promoter of GBSSI [13]. ERFs appeared to be negative regulators for starch synthesis, but whether ERFs have similar function in cassava starch synthesis is unknown.
Here, we report an ERF gene from cassava, named MeERF72, according to its homolog in the Arabidopsis ERF gene family. The MeERF72 protein can bind to the promoter of MeSus1 gene via a yeast one-hybrid assay in vivo and DNA-Protein-Interaction assay in vitro. MeERF72 is a negative regulator of MeSus1 and is involved in cassava carbohydrate fixation.

2. Results

2.1. Full-Length cDNA Library for Y1H Screening

Full-length double-strand complementary DNA were synthesized using the mRNA of cassava storage roots as templates, then together with linearized pGADT7-Rec3 vectors were co-transformed into competent cells of yeast strain Y187. The double-strand cDNAs directionally linked to pGADT7-Rec3 vectors in the yeast cells through homologous recombination. Lastly, the total capacity of yeast library was 4.0 ± 1.7 × 106 cfu. Subsequently, the recombined plasmid was isolated from yeast cells and then transformed into competent cells of E. coli strain Stellar. Its total capacity was 1.4 ± 0.3 × 107 cfu with over 70% of the insertion of more than 750 bp (Figure S1). Given that the ccdB gene was introduced into pGADT7-Rec3 vector, all clones had recombinants because the strains that contained non-recombined pGADT7-Rec3 vectors did not survive. Generally, our cDNA library in yeast or E. coli can be easily stored and amplified, and is thus a reusable resource for Y1H and Y2H screening.

2.2. Cloning and Characterization of MeERF72

Sus initializes the conversion of sucrose to starch, and its enzyme activity can represent sink strength in plants. The cassava Sus gene family has seven members based on homologous basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) search wherein the amino acid sequences of Arabidopsis Sus family were used as queries. MeSus1 has relatively high expression level in storage root compared with other tested tissues (Figure S2). To understand the regulatory mechanism of MeSus1 in the storage root of cassava, we performed a Y1H assay with MeSus1 promoter as bait and our storage root cDNA library as prey. Successfully, MeERF72 and more than 20 other candidate transcription factors (TF) were screened out after re-checking, subsequent sequencing and functional annotation.
MeERF72 (Manes.15G009900), encoded a protein of 269 amino acid residues with an AP2 DNA binding domain in the N-terminus region (Figure 1), identified by protein-protein BLAST program of PlantTFDB with the E-value of 5 × 10−45 to AtERF72 (At3g16770). MeERF72 was extremely higher expressed in the root stele than in other tissues of the cassava plant (Figure 2A), and its expression level was gradually decreased along with the storage root enlargement (Figure 2B). Ethylene treatment significantly up-regulated the transcript level of MeERF72, but abscisic acid, gibberellin, indole acetic acid, salicylic acid, and low temperature treatments obviously repressed its transcriptional level. In addition, drought and salt stresses induced its expression level (Figure 2C).

2.3. MeERF72 Binds to MeSus1 Promoter through AP2 Domain

The full-length CDS of MeERF72 was cloned, and an AP2 DNA binding domain was found in the MeERF72 protein. Thus, two prey vectors, pGADT7-MeERF72 and pGADT7-AP2, were transformed into two bait strains Y1HGold/pSus1pro-AbA and Y1HGold/pERE1-AbA, respectively. The results showed that all four transformed yeast cells grew in the SD/-Trp/AbA10 medium, i.e., AP2 interacted with ERE1 (Figure 3), indicating that the MeERF72 protein can bind to the promoter of MeSus1 and the AP2 domain is indeed the DNA binding domain, and its accurate binding site may be the ERE (TTTGAAAT), which is located in the region from −1384 to −1376 bp of the MeSus1 promoter.

2.4. The Activated Domain Is Located in the aa212-aa241 Region of MeERF72 Protein

To determine whether MeERF72 protein directly activates the downstream genes, we fused its full-length CDS to the GAL4 DNA binding domain in the pGBKT7 vector and then transformed the resulting complex into Y2HGold. The transformed cells, which contained pGBKT-MeERF72, survived in the SD/-Trp, SD/-Trp/-Ade, and SD/-Trp/AbA125 media, and their colonies turned blue in the SD/-Trp/X-α-Gal medium (Figure 4). This result indicated that MeERF72 had trans-activation ability in the yeast cells. Two sub-CDS of MeERF72, ERF72ΔC152-269 and ERF72ΔN1-94 were fused to the pGBKT7 vector and transformed into yeast cells. The results showed that ERF72ΔN1-94 had trans-activation ability. Furthermore, C-terminus truncated deletions, ERF72ΔC242-269, ERF72ΔC212-269, and ERF72ΔC182-269, were transformed into yeast cells. Only ERF72ΔC242-269 activated the reporter genes. In summary, aa212 to aa241 region is the putative activated domain of the MeERF72 protein.

2.5. MeERF72 Is a Nuclear-Localized Protein

To ensure the sub-cellular location of MeERF72 protein, MeERF72 gene was fused into the pSL1 plus vector (Figure S3A) and transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells via Agrobacterium-mediated impregnation, and was observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope. The MeERF72-GFP fusion protein was located in the nucleus of the onion epidermal cells, and the GFP was dispersed in the onion epidermal cell of wild type (Figure 5). This indicated that MeERF72 localized in the cell nucleus.

2.6. MeERF72 Can Bind to the MeSus1 Promoter In Vitro

To investigate whether MeERF72 binds to the MeSus1 promoter in vitro, we extracted a purified recombinant Trigger Factor-AP2 protein, like an artificial TF, from E. coli, and its molecular mass matched to the predicted value (Trigger Factor 48.1 kD + AP2 11.1 kD = 59.2 kD, Figure 6A). Then, DPI-ELISA assay was carried out with double-strand biotinylated MeSus1 promoter and recombinant Trigger Factor-AP2 protein. The results indicated that Trigger Factor-AP2 interacts with MeSus1 promoter because the absorbance of Trigger Factor-AP2+MeSus1 promoter was significantly higher than the control (Figure 6B). This shows that MeERF72 can bind to the MeSus1 promoter in vitro.

2.7. Repression of MeSus1 Promoter Activity by MeERF72

We used the dual-luciferase reporter assay system to determine whether the MeERF72 regulates the transcription of MeSus1 in planta. Based on the method of Hellens et al. [14], we designed a new vector pLuc2, which integrated reporter, effector, and reference modules in the same plasmid (Figure S3B). Vectors containing either reporter only or both reporter and effector were transformed into Agrobacterium line LBA4404 and then transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. After detecting the relative luciferase activity in these two kinds of transiently expressed leaves, results show that the relative luciferase activity of MeERF72 was less than that of CK (Figure 7B) suggesting that MeERF72 can negatively regulate the transcript level of MeSus1 in cassava.

3. Discussion

In this study, we introduced a ccdB gene expression cassette into pGADT7-Rec3 vector and constructed a reusable cDNA library of yeast and E. coli without non-recombinant, which could be easily stored and amplified for Y1H and Y2H screening. Then, a yeast one-hybrid assay was performed with the reusable cDNA library as prey and the MeSus1 promoter as bait. Over 20 candidate TFs were screened out, and one of them is an ERF72 protein with a conserved AP2 domain and an activated domain of aa212-aa241 region. ERF72 is localized in the nucleus and could bind to the MeSus1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, and repressed the promoter activity of MeSus1. These data show that ERF72 is a TF involved in plant carbohydrate fixation/starch biosynthesis.
TFs are regulators of gene expression and activate or repress the transcript levels of genes by recognizing and binding to specific cis-elements in promoters. Starch is the main component of human food, and a few TFs can regulate starch biosynthesis-related genes. In rice, OsbZIP58 binds to the promoters of multiple starch biosynthesized genes, including AGPL3, Wx, SSIIa, SBE1, OsBEIIb, and ISA2 and regulates their expression levels to change starch components and other related traits [15]. Moreover, ZmNAC36 and ZmbZIP91 are highly expressed in maize endosperms and up-regulate the transcription of starch biosynthesis genes, such as AGPS, SS, and ISA and act as key regulators in maize starch synthesis [16,17]. Meanwhile, OsBP-5 (MYC) and OsEBP-89 (ERF) proteins must act synergistically, probably by heterodimerization, for the regulation of the transcription of the rice Wx gene [18].
Recent studies suggested that ERFs act as a key regulatory hub, integrating ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and redox signaling in the plant response to various abiotic stresses [19]. Overexpression of ERFs may improve abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis [20], Populus [21,22], and rubber tree [23]. ERFs affect the biosynthesis or response of other plant hormones that regulate plant growth and development. For instance, AtERF11 promotes internodes elongation by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis and activating gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling pathways [24], and AtERF96 positively regulates ABA responsive genes and reduced stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis [25]. In the present study, we found that MeERF72 responds to several abiotic stresses and exogenous hormones. Moreover, many other cassava ERF genes participate in responses at low oxygen conditions and oxidative and osmotic stresses [26,27]. Furthermore, MeERF72 not only modulates the transcription level of MeSus1, but also contributes to abiotic stress tolerance and plant hormone signaling pathways. In the next step, we will over-express or silence MeERF72 in cassava, then investigate the differences between wild type and transgenic plants under ethylene or other plant hormone treatments to assess the function of MeERF72 in starch synthesis in cassava.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Material and Treatments

Cassava cv. “KU50” was cultivated in the experimental field of the Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology (ITBB, Haikou, China) and grown with common field management. The tissues of tip leaves, mature leaves, petioles, barks, root steles and root cortices were sampled 150 days after planting (DAP), the storage root fast developing stage, from three to five well-grown plants. Primal roots and flowers (male and female) were sampled at 60 and 240 DAP, respectively. Two storage root samples were collected 90 and 240 DAP and sliced into small cubes. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a −80 °C icebox until RNA extraction.
Cassava buds were sterilized by 0.1% HgCl2 and planted on an MS medium. Then, tissue-cultured plantlets were grown at a culture condition of 26 °C and 16/8 h in light/dark photoperiod. Approximately 45-day KU50 cultured plantlets were treated by a series of plant hormones and abiotic stresses, and their roots were sampled following the details in Table S1. All root samples were balanced mixed with 9–12 biological repeats and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored in −80 °C icebox for the next step.

4.2. SMART III cDNA Library Construction

Approximately 2 mg of high-quality total RNA from storage roots of 90, 150, and 240 DAP were isolated through the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) method [28] and purified following the manual of NucleoTrap® mRNA kit (Macherey Nagel, Düren, Germany). Then, SMARTScribeTM reverse transcriptase (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) with primers of CDS III and Oligo III were used for the synthesis of a single-strand cDNA. Double-strand cDNAs were amplified by Advantage® 2 Polymerase Mix with primers of 5′ PCR and 3′ PCR at optimal cycles (Table S2). Approximately 200 μL of ds-cDNA and linearized pGADT7-Rec3 vector (by Sma I) were co-transformed into 1.2 mL of competent cell of yeast strain Y187 through the PEG/LiAc/ssDNA method [29], and a ccdB expression module was aforehand introduced into pGADT7-Rec3 at Sma I site in advance (Figure S1). The co-transformed yeast cells were allowed to coat the plates of SD/-Leu, and all positive clones were scraped and combined and then concentrated to the titer of >108 cfu/mL by centrifugation. Westase was used for the digestion of the concentrated yeast cells overnight, and the recombinant plasmids in the yeast were isolated through the alkaline lysis method. The isolated plasmids were transformed into competent cells of E. coli strain Stellar by electroporation. All the positive clones were scraped, combined, and concentrated to the titer of over 109 cfu/mL. The yeast and E. coli cDNA library were stored under −80 °C.

4.3. Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening

The 2149-bp 5′ flanking sequence of MeSus1 (Manes.03G044400) was cloned by using the genomic DNA of cultivar KU50 as template, named MeSus1 promoter (MeSus1pro). Bait vector was constructed by fusing MeSus1pro into pAbAi with Sac I and Sal I. Then, pSus1pro-AbA vector, linearized by Bsp119 I, was integrated into the genome of yeast strain Y1HGold on the ura3-52 locus. The bait strain Y1HGold/pSus1pro-AbA survived in the medium of SD/-Ura with no more than 10 ng/mL Aureobasidin A (AbA). The plasmids of the cDNA library were transformed into competent cells of the bait strain, and the transformed yeast cells were cultured on the plates of SD/-Leu/AbA10 at 30 °C for 3–5 days. The plasmid DNAs of the positive yeast colonies were isolated and confirmed by PCR amplification with 5′ AD and 3′ AD primers.

4.4. Subcellular Location of MeERF72 Protein

For the subcellular location assay of MeERF72, the LacZ region of pCAMBIA1302 vector was removed. An enhancer of AtADH5′UTR and a newly-designed multiple cloning site (MCS) were inserted between a CaMV35S promoter and GFP gene, named pSL1 plus (Figure S2A). The coding sequence of MeERF72 without the stop codon was inserted into pSL1 plus vector at the new MCS with BamH I and Sal I (35S::MeERF72-GFP). Subsequently, the vectors of 35S::MeERF72-GFP and control were introduced into onion epidermal cells through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transformed onion epidermal cells were cultured on an MS medium in darkness at 20 °C for 36 h and then visualized by confocal microscopy.

4.5. DNA and Protein Interaction Confirmation in Yeast Cell

The full-length CDS and AP2-CDS (contains the AP2 domain from aa.67 to aa.166 in MeERF72 protein) of MeERF72 were inserted into the pGADT7 vector for the infusion prey protein, AD-MeERF72 and AD-AP2, respectively. A conserved ethylene responsive element (ERE) [30], TTTGAAAT (−1384 to −1376 from ATG), located in the promoter of MeSus1, and a bait strain, Y1HGold/pERE-AbA, was constructed with the sequence of 5′-AACTTTCCTCTCGTTGCTTGTTTGAAATTATCATTTTCTAGTAGAATA3′ (core sequence underline). Subsequently, pGADT7-MeERF72 and pGADT7-AP2 were transformed into two bait strains Y1HGold/pERE-AbA and Y1HGold/pSus1pro-AbA, respectively, and allowed to grow in SD/-Leu/AbA10 medium.

4.6. DNA-Protein-Interaction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DPI-ELISA)

AP2 was also ligated into the pCold Trigger Factor vector that had a chaperone tag in the N-terminus region (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan), generating pCold Trigger Factor-AP2. pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 was transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3) for protein expression. The transformed E. coli cells containing pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 were cultured in an LB liquid medium at 37 °C with 100 mg/L of Ampicillin. When the OD600 of the culture reached 0.4–0.8, the recombinant protein was isolated according to the method of Ma et al. [31]. The purified recombinant Trigger Factor-AP2 protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and the subsequent DNA-protein interaction was confirmed by DPI-ELISA according to the method published by Brand et al. [32].

4.7. Transcription Activation Assay

Subclones, including N-terminus/C-terminus deletion, were fused with the GAL4 binding domain of the pGBKT7 vector and transformed into competent cells of yeast strain Y2HGold. The transformed yeast cells were doted on the medium of SD/-Trp, SD/-Trp/X-α-Gal, SD/-Trp/-Ade, and SD/-Trp/AbA125.

4.8. Expression Profile of MeERF72 By Quantitative PCR

Total RNAs were isolated through the CTAB method, and the primer pairs for quantitative PCR (qPCR) were designed by Primer-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program (Table S2). qPCR assay was performed by using an Mx3000P qPCR system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), actin gene (Manes.12G150500) as reference. qPCR cycles are as follow: 90 s at 95 °C for denaturation, and 40 cycles for 10 s at 95 °C, 15 s at 58 °C, and 20 s at 72 °C for amplification. Each tested sample had four independent biological replications, and the qPCR results were analyzed by the 2ΔΔCt method [33] and Duncan’s test with IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software (p < 0.05).

4.9. Plant One-Hybrid

The interaction between a transcription factor (TF) and a cis-element or promoter in planta can be confirmed by plant one-hybrid through a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Hence, we designed a new vector that was derived from pCAMBIA1301 and pGreen II 0800-LUC, named pLuc2 (Figure S2B), which had three cassettes, namely, TF over-expression cassette, REN expression cassette, and Promoter-luciferase cassette. MeSus1pro was inserted into the promoter-luciferase report cassette with EcoR I and Mlu I. Then, MeERF72 was fused to the TF overexpression cassette by BamH I and Sal I. Subsequently, MeSus1pro::Luc and CaMV35Spro::MeERF72-MeSus1pro::Luc were separately transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404. The two transformed strains were used for the infiltration of a Nicotiana benthamiana leaf following the protocol of Sparkes et al. [34].

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1281/s1.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31671748), Hainan Province Innovative Research Team Foundation (2016CXTD013), China Agriculture Research System (CARS-12) and Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (1630052016004).

Author Contributions

Chen Liu, Xin Chen and Ping’an Ma conducted the experiments; Xin Chen, Chen Liu and Shengkui Zhang analyzed the data; Xin Chen, Changying Zeng, Xingyu Jiang and Wenquan Wang conceived of/designed the experiments, Xin Chen, Chen Liu and Wenquan Wang wrote the article. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Zeng, Y.; Wu, Y.; Avigne, W.T.; Koch, K.E. Differential regulation of sugar-sensitive sucrose synthases by hypoxia and anoxia indicate complementary transcriptional and posttranscriptional responses. Plant Physiol. 1998, 116, 1573–1583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Zrenner, R.; Salanoubat, M.; Willmitzer, L.; Sonnewald, U. Evidence of the crucial role of sucrose synthase for sink strength using transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant J. 1995, 7, 97–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Baroja-Fernandez, E.; Munoz, F.J.; Montero, M.; Etxeberria, E.; Sesma, M.T.; Ovecka, M.; Bahaji, A.; Ezquer, I.; Li, J.; Prat, S.; et al. Enhancing sucrose synthase activity in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers results in increased levels of starch, ADPglucose and UDPglucose and total yield. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50, 1651–1662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Li, J.; Baroja-Fernandez, E.; Bahaji, A.; Munoz, F.J.; Ovecka, M.; Montero, M.; Sesma, M.T.; Alonso-Casajus, N.; Almagro, G.; Sanchez-Lopez, A.M.; et al. Enhancing sucrose synthase activity results in increased levels of starch and ADP-glucose in maize (Zea mays L.) seed endosperms. Plant Cell Physiol. 2013, 54, 282–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Wei, Z.; Qu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, S.; Bi, Z.; Ji, X.; Wang, X.; Wei, H. Overexpression of poplar xylem sucrose synthase in tobacco leads to a thickened cell wall and increased height. PLoS ONE 2015, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Nguyen, Q.A.; Luan, S.; Wi, S.G.; Bae, H.; Lee, D.S.; Bae, H.J. Pronounced phenotypic changes in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sucrose synthase may reveal a novel sugar signaling pathway. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Abeles, F.B.; Morgan, P.W.; Saltveit, M.E., Jr. Ethylene in Plant Biology, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
  8. Naik, P.K.; Mohapatra, P.K. Ethylene inhibitors enhanced sucrose synthase activity and promoted grain filling of basal rice kernels. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2000, 27, 997–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Chen, Y.F.; Etheridge, N.; Schaller, G.E. Ethylene signal transduction. Ann. Bot. 2005, 95, 901–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Kendrick, M.D.; Chang, C. Ethylene signaling: New levels of complexity and regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2008, 11, 479–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Riechmann, J.L.; Heard, J.; Martin, G.; Reuber, L.; Jiang, C.; Keddie, J.; Adam, L.; Pineda, O.; Ratcliffe, O.J.; Samaha, R.R.; et al. Arabidopsis transcription factors: Genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science 2000, 290, 2105–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Fu, F.F.; Xue, H.W. Coexpression analysis identifies Rice Starch Regulator1, a rice AP2/EREBP family transcription factor, as a novel rice starch biosynthesis regulator. Plant Physiol. 2010, 154, 927–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Schmidt, R.; Schippers, J.H.; Mieulet, D.; Watanabe, M.; Hoefgen, R.; Guiderdoni, E.; Mueller-Roeber, B. SALT-RESPONSIVE ERF1 is a negative regulator of grain filling and gibberellin-mediated seedling establishment in rice. Mol. Plant 2014, 7, 404–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Hellens, R.P.; Allan, A.C.; Friel, E.N.; Bolitho, K.; Grafton, K.; Templeton, M.D.; Karunairetnam, S.; Gleave, A.P.; Laing, W.A. Transient expression vectors for functional genomics, quantification of promoter activity and RNA silencing in plants. Plant Methods 2005, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Wang, J.C.; Xu, H.; Zhu, Y.; Liu, Q.Q.; Cai, X.L. OsbZIP58, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, regulates starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64, 3453–3466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Zhang, J.; Chen, J.; Yi, Q.; Hu, Y.; Liu, H.; Liu, Y.; Huang, Y. Novel role of ZmaNAC36 in co-expression of starch synthetic genes in maize endosperm. Plant Mol. Biol. 2014, 84, 359–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Chen, J.; Yi, Q.; Cao, Y.; Wei, B.; Zheng, L.; Xiao, Q.; Xie, Y.; Gu, Y.; Li, Y.; Huang, H.; et al. ZmbZIP91 regulates expression of starch synthesis-related genes by binding to ACTCAT elements in their promoters. J. Exp. Bot. 2016, 67, 1327–1338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Zhu, Y.; Cai, X.L.; Wang, Z.Y.; Hong, M.M. An interaction between a MYC protein and an EREBP protein is involved in transcriptional regulation of the rice Wx gene. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 47803–47811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Muller, M.; Munne-Bosch, S. Ethylene response factors: A key regulatory hub in hormone and stress signaling. Plant Physiol. 2015, 169, 32–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Scarpeci, T.E.; Frea, V.S.; Zanor, M.I.; Valle, E.M. Overexpression of AtERF019 delays plant growth and senescence, and improves drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot. 2017, 68, 673–685. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  21. Yao, W.; Wang, L.; Zhou, B.; Wang, S.; Li, R.; Jiang, T. Over-expression of poplar transcription factor ERF76 gene confers salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. J. Plant Physiol. 2016, 198, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Yao, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, B.; Zhao, K.; Li, R.; Jiang, T. Expression pattern of erf gene family under multiple abiotic stresses in Populus simonii x P. nigra. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Lestari, R.; Rio, M.; Martin, F.; Leclercq, J.; Woraathasin, N.; Roques, S.; Dessailly, F.; Clement-Vidal, A.; Sanier, C.; Fabre, D.; et al. Overexpression of Hevea brasiliensis ethylene response factor HbERF-IXc5 enhances growth and tolerance to abiotic stress and affects laticifer differentiation. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2018, 16, 322–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Zhang, Z.; Zheng, X.; Yang, J.; Messing, J.; Wu, Y. Maize endosperm-specific transcription factors O2 and PBF network the regulation of protein and starch synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 10842–10847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Wang, X.; Liu, S.; Tian, H.; Wang, S.; Chen, J.G. The small ethylene response factor ERF96 is involved in the regulation of the abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Fan, W.; Hai, M.; Guo, Y.; Ding, Z.; Tie, W.; Ding, X.; Yan, Y.; Wei, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wu, C.; et al. The ERF transcription factor family in cassava: Genome-wide characterization and expression analyses against drought stress. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Liao, W.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wang, G.; Peng, M. Exposure to various abscission-promoting treatments suggests substantial ERF subfamily transcription factors involvement in the regulation of cassava leaf abscission. BMC Genom. 2016, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Tang, C.; Qi, J.; Li, H.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Y. A convenient and efficient protocol for isolating high-quality RNA from latex of Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree). J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2007, 70, 749–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Gietz, R.D.; Schiestl, R.H. Large-scale high-efficiency yeast transformation using the LiAc/SS carrier DNA/PEG method. Nat. Protoc. 2007, 2, 38–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Rawat, R.; Xu, Z.F.; Yao, K.M.; Chye, M.L. Identification of cis-elements for ethylene and circadian regulation of the Solanum melongena gene encoding cysteine proteinase. Plant Mol. Biol. 2005, 57, 629–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Ma, P.; Chen, X.; Liu, C.; Meng, Y.; Xia, Z.; Zeng, C.; Lu, C.; Wang, W. MeSAUR1, Encoded by a small auxin-up RNA gene, acts as a transcription regulator to positively regulate adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit1a gene in cassava. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Brand, L.H.; Kirchler, T.; Hummel, S.; Chaban, C.; Wanke, D. DPI-ELISA: a fast and versatile method to specify the binding of plant transcription factors to DNA in vitro. Plant Methods 2010, 6, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCt Method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Sparkes, I.A.; Runions, J.; Kearns, A.; Hawes, C. Rapid, transient expression of fluorescent fusion proteins in tobacco plants and generation of stably transformed plants. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 2019–2025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 19 01281 g001 550
Figure 1. The conserved APETALA2 (AP2) DNA binding domain in the ERF72 protein. Conserved AP2 domain is indicated by underline. The stop code marks as *.
Figure 1. The conserved APETALA2 (AP2) DNA binding domain in the ERF72 protein. Conserved AP2 domain is indicated by underline. The stop code marks as *.
Ijms 19 01281 g001
Ijms 19 01281 g002 550
Figure 2. Transcription profiles of MeERF72. (A) Expression profile of MeERF72 in different organs of cassava plant. F: flower, TL: tip leaf, ML: mature leaf, P: petiole, SR: stem rind, RC: root cortex, RS: root stele, PR: primal root; (B) Expression profile of MeERF72 in three growth stages of storage root; d: day; (C) Transcription profiles of MeERF72 respond to abscisic acid, ethylene, giberellin, salicylic acid, indole acetic acid, and low and high temperatures (42 °C), drought, salt. The Y axis is the scale of the relative expression levels. Error bars represent the SD of four technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05.
Figure 2. Transcription profiles of MeERF72. (A) Expression profile of MeERF72 in different organs of cassava plant. F: flower, TL: tip leaf, ML: mature leaf, P: petiole, SR: stem rind, RC: root cortex, RS: root stele, PR: primal root; (B) Expression profile of MeERF72 in three growth stages of storage root; d: day; (C) Transcription profiles of MeERF72 respond to abscisic acid, ethylene, giberellin, salicylic acid, indole acetic acid, and low and high temperatures (42 °C), drought, salt. The Y axis is the scale of the relative expression levels. Error bars represent the SD of four technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05.
Ijms 19 01281 g002
Ijms 19 01281 g003 550
Figure 3. ERF72 protein/AP2 domain can bind to MeSus1 promoter and its ethylene responsive element (ERE). Yeast cells that carried AD-53+p53-AbA (Positive control), AD-53+pAbAi (Negative control), AD-MeERF72+MeSus1pro-AbA, AD-AP2+MeSus1pro-AbA, AD-MeERF72+pERE-AbA and AD-AP2+pERE-AbA were grown in SD/-Leu selective medium containing 10 ng/mL AbA for three days at 30 °C.
Figure 3. ERF72 protein/AP2 domain can bind to MeSus1 promoter and its ethylene responsive element (ERE). Yeast cells that carried AD-53+p53-AbA (Positive control), AD-53+pAbAi (Negative control), AD-MeERF72+MeSus1pro-AbA, AD-AP2+MeSus1pro-AbA, AD-MeERF72+pERE-AbA and AD-AP2+pERE-AbA were grown in SD/-Leu selective medium containing 10 ng/mL AbA for three days at 30 °C.
Ijms 19 01281 g003
Ijms 19 01281 g004 550
Figure 4. Region aa212-aa241 is the activated domain in MeERF72 protein. (A) Different deletion vectors of ERF72 protein: ERF72ΔC152-269 means that aa152 to aa269 is deleted from C-terminus, ERF72ΔN1-94 means that aa1-aa94 is deleted from N-terminus; (B) Activation of reporter genes by different deletions of ERF72 protein (SD/-Trp/AbA125 contains 125 ng/mL AbA).
Figure 4. Region aa212-aa241 is the activated domain in MeERF72 protein. (A) Different deletion vectors of ERF72 protein: ERF72ΔC152-269 means that aa152 to aa269 is deleted from C-terminus, ERF72ΔN1-94 means that aa1-aa94 is deleted from N-terminus; (B) Activation of reporter genes by different deletions of ERF72 protein (SD/-Trp/AbA125 contains 125 ng/mL AbA).
Ijms 19 01281 g004
Ijms 19 01281 g005 550
Figure 5. Nuclear localization of MeERF72. Top row/bottom row: the corresponding bright field, fluorescence, merged fluorescence image, and DAPI image of MeERF72-GFP/GFP control.
Figure 5. Nuclear localization of MeERF72. Top row/bottom row: the corresponding bright field, fluorescence, merged fluorescence image, and DAPI image of MeERF72-GFP/GFP control.
Ijms 19 01281 g005
Ijms 19 01281 g006 550
Figure 6. AP2 domain of MeERF72 binding to the promoter of MeSus1 as analyzed DPI-ELISA. (A) Over-expression of MeERF72 in E. coli. M: molecular markers, (1) E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 not induced; (2) E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 after 20 h of induction; (3) the clear supernate of total protein from E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 after 20 h of induction; (4) Purified Trigger Factor-AP2 fusion protein; (B) AP2 interacts with the MeSus1 promoter by DPI-ELISA assay. AP2: double-strand biotinylated MeSus1 promoter DNA probe + purified Trigger Factor-AP2 fusion protein; CK: double-strand biotinylated MeSus1 promoter DNA probe + trigger factor. Error bars represent the SD of four technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by ANOVA, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 6. AP2 domain of MeERF72 binding to the promoter of MeSus1 as analyzed DPI-ELISA. (A) Over-expression of MeERF72 in E. coli. M: molecular markers, (1) E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 not induced; (2) E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 after 20 h of induction; (3) the clear supernate of total protein from E. coli cells harboring pCold Trigger Factor-AP2 after 20 h of induction; (4) Purified Trigger Factor-AP2 fusion protein; (B) AP2 interacts with the MeSus1 promoter by DPI-ELISA assay. AP2: double-strand biotinylated MeSus1 promoter DNA probe + purified Trigger Factor-AP2 fusion protein; CK: double-strand biotinylated MeSus1 promoter DNA probe + trigger factor. Error bars represent the SD of four technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by ANOVA, ** p < 0.01.
Ijms 19 01281 g006
Ijms 19 01281 g007 550
Figure 7. Repression of MeSus1 promoter in the transient expression system by MeERF72. (A) Reporter and effector vector sketches used in the transient expression assay; (B) Relative Luc activity of CK and MeERF72 in tobacco leaves. Error bars represent the SD of nine technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by ANOVA, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 7. Repression of MeSus1 promoter in the transient expression system by MeERF72. (A) Reporter and effector vector sketches used in the transient expression assay; (B) Relative Luc activity of CK and MeERF72 in tobacco leaves. Error bars represent the SD of nine technical replicates, the significant difference is assessed by ANOVA, ** p < 0.01.
Ijms 19 01281 g007

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, C.; Chen, X.; Ma, P.; Zhang, S.; Zeng, C.; Jiang, X.; Wang, W. Ethylene Responsive Factor MeERF72 Negatively Regulates Sucrose synthase 1 Gene in Cassava. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051281

AMA Style

Liu C, Chen X, Ma P, Zhang S, Zeng C, Jiang X, Wang W. Ethylene Responsive Factor MeERF72 Negatively Regulates Sucrose synthase 1 Gene in Cassava. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(5):1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Chen, Xin Chen, Ping’an Ma, Shengkui Zhang, Changying Zeng, Xingyu Jiang, and Wenquan Wang. 2018. "Ethylene Responsive Factor MeERF72 Negatively Regulates Sucrose synthase 1 Gene in Cassava" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 5: 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051281

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop