Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Mammalian Plakins
2.1. The Isoforms and Tissue Distribution of Mammalian Plakins
2.2. Domain Structure of Plakins
2.2.1. Actin-Binding Domain (ABD)
2.2.2. Plakin Domain
2.2.3. Spectrin Repeats
2.2.4. Coiled-Coil Rod (CCR)
2.2.5. Plakin Repeat Domain (PRD)
2.2.6. EF-Hand and GAS2-Related Protein (GAR) Domain
3. Biological Functions of Mammalian Plakins
3.1. Mammalian Plakins in Cell Migration
3.2. Mammalian Plakins in Cell Proliferation
3.3. Mammalian Plakins in Cell Signaling
4. Mammalian Plakins in Human Cancer
4.1. The Role of Mammalian Plakins in Cancer
4.1.1. Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 (BPAG1) in Cancer
4.1.2. Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 (MACF1) in Cancer
4.1.3. Plectin in Cancer
4.1.4. Desmoplakin in Cancer
4.1.5. Other Mammalian Plakins in Cancer
4.2. Mammalian Plakins as Potential Targets for Cancer Therapy
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABD | actin-binding domain |
ACF7 | actin crosslinking factor 7 |
AMPK | adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
APC | adenomatous polyposis coli |
BPAG1 | bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 |
BPAG2 | bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 |
BP230 | bullous pemphigoid antigen 230 |
CAMSAP3 | calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 |
CCR | coiled-coil rod |
CH | calponin homology |
DSP | desmoplakin |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
ELMO | engulfment and motility |
EPI−/− | triply deficient in envoplakin, periplakin, and involucrin |
EPPK1 | epiplakin |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
ERK1/2 | extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 |
EVPL | envoplakin |
F-actin | actin filaments |
FAK | focal adhesion kinase |
FAs | focal adhesions |
GAR | GAS2-related protein |
Gas2 | growth arrest specific 2 |
GSK3 | glycogen synthase kinase 3 |
GSK-3β | glycogen synthase kinase 3β |
GSR | glycine-serine-arginine |
HD | hemidesmosome |
HNSCC | head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |
IFs | intermediate filaments |
IPMN | intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms |
LRP5/6 | low-density lipoprotein receptor 5/6 |
MACF1 | microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 |
MCH-1 | melanin-concentrating hormone-1 |
MNK2 | mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase 2 |
MTOC | microtubule organizing center |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
MTs | microtubules |
NDRG1 | N-Myc downstream regulated gene 1 |
OSCC | oral squamous cell carcinoma |
PCNA | proliferating cell nuclear antigen |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase |
PKA | protein kinase A |
PKB | protein kinase B |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PLEC | plecitn |
PPL | periplakin |
PRD | plakin repeat domain |
RCSB | research collaboratory for structural bioinformatics |
SH3 | src-homology 3 |
Sp1 | specificity protein 1 |
TCF | T-cell factor |
UTRs | untranslated regions |
Wnt | wingless and int-1 |
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Plakin Name (Gene) | Gene Locus (Human) | Isoforms | Molecular Weight (kD) | Intracellular Localization | Tissue Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPAG1 (BPAG1, DST) | Chromosome 6p12.1 | BPAG1a1 | ~625 | Cortical region, F-actin | Nervous system, brain, liver, spleen, ovary |
BPAG1a2 | F-actin bundles surrounding the nucleus | Nervous system, brain, kidney, testis, liver, spleen, ovary | |||
BPAG1a3 | Cortical region | Lung, kidney, testis, liver, spleen, ovary | |||
BPAG1b1 | ~834 | Cortical region, F-actin | Heart, liver, spleen, ovary | ||
BPAG1b2 | F-actin bundles surrounding the nucleus | Heart, testis, liver, spleen, ovary | |||
BPAG1b3 | Cortical region | Lung, heart, testis, liver, spleen, ovary | |||
BPAG1e | ~300 | HDs, the nucleus | Epidermis, lung, testis, ovary, cornea, bladder | ||
MACF1 (MACF1) | Chromosome 1p34.3 | MACF1a1 | ~600 | MTs, F-actin | Skin, kidney, stomach |
MACF1a2 | MTs, F-actin | Brain, heart, lung placenta, liver, kidney, pancreas, spinal cord | |||
MACF1a3 | MTs, F-actin | Skin, lung, kidney | |||
MACF1-4 | 670 | Unclear | Heart, lung, pituitary gland, placenta | ||
MACF1b | ~800 | Golgi complex, MTs | Lung, heart, brain, thymus, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, skin, testis | ||
MACF1c | ~600 | Unclear | Nervous system | ||
Plectin (PLEC) | Chromosome 8q24.3 | Plectin 1 | ~500 | Nucleus/ER membrane | Connective tissue, vascular, eye lens, skeletal muscle, white blood cells |
Plectin 1a | HDs | Broad | |||
Plectin 1b | Mitochondria | Connective tissue, skeletal muscle | |||
Plectin 1c | MTs | Broad | |||
Plectin 1d | Z-disks | Skeletal muscle | |||
Plectin 1f | FAs | Skeletal muscle | |||
Desmoplakin (DSP) | Chromosome 6p24.3 | Desmoplakin I | ~322 kD | Desmosomes | Epithelia, heart |
Desmoplakin II | ~259 kD | Desmosomes | Epithelia, heart | ||
Envoplakin (EVPL) | Chromosome 17q25.1 | 210 kD | Cornified envelope | Stratified squamous epithelia | |
Periplakin (PPL) | Chromosome 16p13.3 | 195 kD | Cornified envelope, desmosomes | Stratified squamous epithelia | |
Epiplakin (EPPK1) | Chromosome 8q24.3 | 552 kD | Cornified envelope | Liver, small intestine, colon, salivary glands, stomach, appendix, pancreas, retina |
Plakin Name | Cancer Type | Plakin’s Alteration and Functions | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
BPAG1 | Breast cancer | Downregulation, related to cancer invasion. | Unclear | [110] |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Downregulation, related to tumor invasion and metastasis. | Unclear | [111] | |
Prostate cancer | Downregulation, related to cancer metastasis. | Unclear | [112] | |
OSCC | Positively regulates cell motility, invasion and tumorigenicity. | Upregulate NDRG1 | [113,114] | |
HNSCC | Alternative splicing revealed by expression microarray analysis. | Alternative splicing raises cancer-specific BPAG1 isoforms | [115] | |
MACF1 | Lung cancer | High expression, related to cancer cell migration and metastasis. MACF1 knockdown impairs reproductivity of solid tumors. | Unclear | [116,117] |
Breast cancer | DNA methylation and altered expression, related to cell motility. | Unclear | [118,119] | |
Renal cell carcinoma | Mutation. | Associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling | [120] | |
Endometrial cancer | Mutation. | Associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling | [121] | |
Colon cancer | Mutation. | Associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling | [122] | |
Glioblastoma | High expression, promotes cell proliferation and migration. | Activate Wnt signaling | [123] | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | A target of microRNA-34a. | Unclear | [124] | |
Plectin | Pancreatic IPMN | Positive expression. | Unclear | [127] |
Pancreatic cancer | Positive expression. | Unclear | [128] | |
HNSCC | High expression, promotes cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. | Activates ERK1/2 | [129] | |
Colon cancer | High expression, promotes cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. | Be targeted to podosome-like adhesions in an isoform-specific manner | [130] | |
Bladder cancer | High expression, promotes cancer cell migration and metastasis. | Anchor invadopodia to IF and stabilizing invadopodia | [131] | |
OSCC | High expression, promotes cancer cell migration, invasion and tumorigenicity. | Upregulate NDRG1 | [114] | |
Liver cancer | Low expression, inhibits cancer cell migration. | Unclear | [132] | |
Desmoplakin | OSCC | Downregulation. | Unclear | [133] |
Oropharyngeal cancer | Downregulation. | Unclear | [134] | |
Lung cancer | Downregulation, suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion, increases cancer sensitivity to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. | Inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling | [135] | |
Envoplakin | Skin cancer | Promotes skin cancer development. | Unclear | [136] |
Periplakin | Pharyngeal squamous cancer | Promotion effect on cell movement and attachment. | Activates the PI3K/Akt axis | [137] |
Urinary bladder cancer | Downregulation. | Unclear | [138] | |
Esophageal squamous cancer | Downregulation, inhibits cell migration. | Mislocation of periplakin from cell–cell boundaries to cytoplasm; DNA hypermethylation | [139,140] | |
Colon cancer | Downregulation, inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, induces G1/G0 cell cycle arrest. | Inhibits cell proliferation by suppressing ERK1/2 activation and PCNA expression | [141] | |
Epiplakin | Pancreatic cancer | Downregulation. | Unclear | [43] |
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Hu, L.; Huang, Z.; Wu, Z.; Ali, A.; Qian, A. Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040974
Hu L, Huang Z, Wu Z, Ali A, Qian A. Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(4):974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040974
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Lifang, Zizhan Huang, Zixiang Wu, Arshad Ali, and Airong Qian. 2018. "Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 4: 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19040974