Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance
Toxicology, University of Massachusetts, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I-N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(10), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102871
Received: 29 August 2018 / Revised: 6 September 2018 / Accepted: 17 September 2018 / Published: 21 September 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Day Break of Hormesis)
This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications.
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Keywords:
hormesis; dose response; adaptive response; pre-conditioning; biphasic; resilience; hormetic
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Calabrese, E.J. Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2871.
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