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Article

The Effects of NAD+ on Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function after Glutamate Excitotoxicity

Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(11), 20449-20468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120449
Received: 25 August 2014 / Accepted: 3 November 2014 / Published: 7 November 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroprotective Strategies 2014)
NAD+ is an essential co-enzyme for cellular energy metabolism and is also involved as a substrate for many cellular enzymatic reactions. It has been shown that NAD+ has a beneficial effect on neuronal survival and brain injury in in vitro and in vivo ischemic models. However, the effect of NAD+ on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in ischemia has not been well investigated. In the present study, we used an in vitro glutamate excitotoxicity model of primary cultured cortical neurons to study the effect of NAD+ on apoptotic neuronal death and mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Our results show that supplementation of NAD+ could effectively reduce apoptotic neuronal death, and apoptotic inducing factor translocation after neurons were challenged with excitotoxic glutamate stimulation. Using different approaches including confocal imaging, mitochondrial DNA measurement and Western blot analysis of PGC-1 and NRF-1, we also found that NAD+ could significantly attenuate glutamate-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and the impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, NAD+ treatment effectively inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and NADH redistribution after excitotoxic glutamate stimulation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that NAD+ is capable of inhibiting apoptotic neuronal death after glutamate excitotoxicity via preserving mitochondrial biogenesis and integrity. Our findings provide insights into potential neuroprotective strategies in ischemic stroke. View Full-Text
Keywords: ischemic stroke; glutamate excitotoxicity; apoptosis; AIF; mitochondrial biogenesis ischemic stroke; glutamate excitotoxicity; apoptosis; AIF; mitochondrial biogenesis
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, X.; Li, H.; Ding, S. The Effects of NAD+ on Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function after Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 20449-20468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120449

AMA Style

Wang X, Li H, Ding S. The Effects of NAD+ on Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function after Glutamate Excitotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(11):20449-20468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120449

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Xiaowan, Hailong Li, and Shinghua Ding. 2014. "The Effects of NAD+ on Apoptotic Neuronal Death and Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function after Glutamate Excitotoxicity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 11: 20449-20468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120449

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