Genetic Diversity Revealed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers in a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Durum Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SNP Marker Quality and Genomic Distribution
2.2. Genetic Structure
2.3. Genetic Diversity between Landraces and Cultivars
2.4. Divergence between Landraces and Cultivars
2.5. Genetic Diversity vs. Place of Origin
3. Discussion
3.1. SNP-Based Polymorphism and Genetic Diversity
3.2. Genetic Structure Raveled by SNP Markers
3.3. Genetic Diversity
3.3.1. Temporally: Genetic Diversity vs. Year of Release
3.3.2. Spatially: Genetic Diversity vs. Place of Origin
3.4. Divergence between Landraces and Cultivars Revealed by SNP Markers
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Genomic DNA Extraction and SNP Genotyping
4.3. Genetic Diversity
4.4. Genetic Structure and Population Differentiation
4.5. Statistical Tests
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Chromosome | No. of SNP Markers | No. of Polymorphic Markers | Gene Diversity | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
A Genome | ||||
1A | 114 | 75 | 0.2319 | 0.1905 |
2A | 96 | 65 | 0.2180 | 0.1840 |
3A | 98 | 67 | 0.2036 | 0.1697 |
4A | 124 | 86 | 0.1899 * | 0.1576 * |
5A | 85 | 59 | 0.2179 | 0.1798 |
6A | 125 | 78 | 0.2526 * | 0.2072 * |
7A | 135 | 88 | 0.2249 | 0.1884 |
Subtotal/Mean | 767 | 516 | 0.2193 | 0.1819 |
B Genome | ||||
1B | 99 | 76 | 0.2695 * | 0.2225 * |
2B | 87 | 64 | 0.2553 | 0.2097 |
3B | 67 | 49 | 0.2180 * | 0.1832 |
4B | 75 | 46 | 0.2200 * | 0.1804 * |
5B | 76 | 49 | 0.2120 * | 0.1747 * |
6B | 105 | 83 | 0.2211 * | 0.1842 |
7B | 101 | 70 | 0.2404 | 0.1982 |
Subtotal/Mean | 599 | 430 | 0.2384 | 0.1970 |
Hemoeologous | ||||
1 | 213 | 151 | 0.2508 * | 0.2066 * |
2 | 183 | 129 | 0.2365 | 0.1967 |
3 | 165 | 116 | 0.2097 * | 0.1754 * |
4 | 199 | 132 | 0.2004 * | 0.1656 * |
5 | 161 | 108 | 0.2153 * | 0.1775 * |
6 | 230 | 161 | 0.2364 | 0.1953 |
7 | 236 | 158 | 0.2318 | 0.1927 |
Total/Grand mean | 1366 | 946 | 0.2280 | 0.1888 |
Sample Size | No. of Polymorphic Marker | Polymorphic Rate (%) | Gene Diversity * | PIC * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement status | |||||
Landrace | 53 | 756 | 79.9% | 0.2192 b | 0.1800 b |
Cultivar | 97 | 933 | 98.6% | 0.2310 a | 0.1919 a |
Time group† | |||||
Landrace | 53 | 756 | 79.9% | 0.2192 b | 0.1800 b |
OC | 32 | 757 | 80.0% | 0.2192 b | 0.1807 b |
EGR | 35 | 728 | 77.0% | 0.2034 c | 0.1680 c |
PGR | 30 | 825 | 87.2% | 0.2474 a | 0.2039 a |
Source of Variation | Sum of Squares | Percentage of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|
Among Populations | 321.84 | 0.50 |
Within Population (Cultivar) | 42,400.65 | 65.54 |
Within Population (landrace) | 21,977.11 | 33.97 |
Total | 64,699.60 | 100.00 |
Group | Sample Size | Mean Plant Height, cm (SE) |
---|---|---|
Landrace | 53 | 132.46 (1.91) a |
OC | 32 | 130.72 (2.48) a |
EGR | 35 | 119.13 (4.05) b |
PGR | 30 | 101.91 (4.27) c |
SNP marker and the EST | Gene function and the homologous EST | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | SNP Marker | Accession No. | Map position (Bin) | Function | Accession No. | Identity (%) | E-value |
Outlier 1 | AY244508_5_B_Y_26 | AY244508 | 5B | G1777 MADS-box transcriptional factor (AP1) gene, T. monococcum | AY244508.1 | ||
Outlier 2 | BE405518_1_A_95 | BE405518 | 1AS3-0.86–1.00 | Alternative splicing regulator (RSZ38), T. aestivum | DQ019628.1 | 93% | 0 |
Outlier 3 | BE405518_1_A_Y_106 | BE405518 | 1AS3-0.86–1.00 | Alternative splicing regulator (RSZ38), T. aestivum | DQ019628.1 | 93% | 0 |
Outlier 4 | BE442666_4_A_269 | BE442666 | 4AL13-0.59–0.66 | Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), T. aestivum | HQ913602.1 | 99% | 0 |
Outlier 5 | BE442666_4_B_Y_327 | BE442666 | 4BS8-0.57–0.81 | Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), T. aestivum | HQ913602.1 | 99% | 0 |
Outlier 6 | BE404341_5_B_Y_124 | BE404341 | 5B | Phytochelatin synthetase, T. aestivum | AY442329.1 | 98% | 0 |
Outlier 7 | BE406148_7_B_Y_647 | BE406148 | 7BL7-0.63–0.78 | Cyclophilin B-B gene, T. aestivum | EU627095.1 | 100% | 9 × 10−101 |
Outlier 8 | BE445506_7_B_Y_355 | BE445506 | 7BL10-0.78–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 9 | BE405834_1_A_N_641 | BE405834 | 1AS3-0.86–1.00 | Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003568957.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 10 | BE405834_1_B_Y_216 | BE405834 | 1BL1-0.47–0.69 | Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003568957.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 11 | BE446240_1_B_131 | BE446240 | 1BL1-0.47–0.69 | Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor, B. distachyon | XM_003568390.1 | 93% | 0 |
Outlier 12 | BE403177_2_B_409 | BE403177 | 2B | F-box protein 7-like, B. distachyon | XM_003579715.1 | 90% | 3 × 10−136 |
Outlier 13 | BE404332_2_B_29 | BE404332 | C-2BS4-0.75 * | Ribosomal protein S12 (rps12), H. vulgare | AF067732.1 | 94% | 0 |
Outlier 14 | BE444144_2_B_92 | BE444144 | 2BS | Unknown | |||
Outlier 15 | BE445278_2_B_143 | BE445278 | 2B | RuvB-like 2-like, B. distachyon | XM_003562775.1 | 92% | 0 |
Outlier 16 | BE445278_2_B_243 | BE445278 | 2B | RuvB-like 3-like, B. distachyon | XM_003562775.1 | 92% | 0 |
Outlier 17 | BE445242_2_A_362 | BE445242 | C-2AS5-0.78 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 18 | BE444579_3_B_Y_375 | BE444579 | 3B | Unknown | |||
Outlier 19 | BE444864_3_B_373 | BE444864 | 3BL7-0.63–1.00 | C2 domain-containing protein C31G5.15-like, B. distachyon | XR_138068.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 20 | BE443187_5_A_511 | BE443187 | 5AL12-0.35–0.57 | 65-kDa microtubule-associated protein 7-like, B. distachyon | XM_003578156.1 | 88% | 0 |
Outlier 21 | CD373602_5_B_Y_310 | CD373602 | 5BL16-0.79–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 22 | BE444256_6_A_N_1118 | BE444256 | C-6AL4-0.55 | Alcohol dehydrogenase-like 6-like, B. distachyon | XM_003569903.1 | 93% | 0 |
Outlier 23 | CD452643_6_B_111 | CD452643 | 6BL3 | Alcohol dehydrogenase-like 6-like, B. distachyon | XM_003569903.1 | 92% | 1 × 10−117 |
Outlier 24 | CD452643_6_B_Y_113 | CD452643 | 6BL3 | Alcohol dehydrogenase-like 6-like, B. distachyon | XM_003569903.1 | 92% | 1 × 10−117 |
Outlier 25 | BE446380_7_A_577 | BE446380 | 7AS8-0.45–0.59 | Putative phospholipid-transporting ATPase 9-like, B. distachyon | XM_003563827.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 26 | BE403950_6_B_Y_325 | BE403950 | 6BL5-0.40–1.00 | ABC transporter F family member 3-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570443.1 | 93% | 0 |
Outlier 27 | BE517729_1_A_116 | BE517729 | 1AL3-0.61–1.00 | Putative prolyl aminopeptidase 1 (PAP1), T. durum × Secalecereale | JN808306.2 | 97% | 0 |
Outlier 28 | BE517729_1_A_Y_117 | BE517729 | 1AL3-0.61–1.00 | Putative prolyl aminopeptidase 1 (PAP1), T. durum × Secalecereale | JN808306.2 | 97% | 0 |
Outlier 29 | BE517831_2_B_70 | BE517831 | C-2BL2-0.36 | Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C1, T. aestivum | HM754654.1 | 95% | 0 |
Outlier 30 | BF200531_1_A_N_573 | BF200531 | 1AS3-0.86–1.00 | Protein notum homolog, B. distachyon | XM_003566643.1 | 94% | 4 × 10−169 |
Outlier 31 | BF474493_6_A_N_40 | BF474493 | C-6AL4-0.55 | Pescadillo homolog, B. distachyon | XM_003560899.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 32 | BF474139_1_A_144 | BF474139 | 1AL3-0.61–1.00 | 6 phosphofructo kinase 3-like, B. distachyon | XM_003568020.1 | 95% | 6 × 10−157 |
Outlier 33 | BF201102_5_B_444 | BF201102 | 5BS6-0.81–1.00 | Methionine synthase 1 enzyme (ms1 gene), Hordeum vulgare | AM039904.1 | 93% | 2 × 10−168 |
Outlier 34 | BF201102_5_B_Y_373 | BF201102 | 5BS6-0.81–1.00 | Methionine synthase 1 enzyme (ms1 gene), Hordeum vulgare | AM039904.1 | 93% | 2 × 10−168 |
Outlier 35 | CD453605_6_B_427 | CD453605 | 6B | Putative nitric oxide synthase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570728.1 | 89% | 2 × 10−179 |
Outlier 36 | BF474379_7_A_83 | BF474379 | 7AL16-0.86–0.90 | Protein N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003563571.1 | 90% | 0 |
Outlier 37 | BF474379_7_A_Y_253 | BF474379 | 7AL16-0.86–0.90 | Protein N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003563571.1 | 90% | 0 |
Outlier 38 | BE494527_1_B_77 | BE494527 | 1BL2-0.0.69–0.85 | Phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase, T. aestivum | AY065971.1 | 96% | 3 × 10−86 |
Outlier 39 | BE494527_1_B_Y_438 | BE494527 | 1BL2-0.0.69–0.85 | Phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase, T. aestivum | AY065971.1 | 96% | 3 × 10−86 |
Outlier 40 | BE494765_4_B_Y_426 | BE494765 | 4BL5-0.86–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 41 | BE636872_6_A_119 | BE636872 | 6A | Unknown | |||
Outlier 42 | BE495277_5_B_336 | BE495277 | C-5BL14-0.75 * | UPF0664 stress-induced protein C29B12.11c-like, B. distachyon | XM_003578371.1 | 91% | 2 × 10−137 |
Outlier 43 | BE493868_7_A_Y_93 | BE493868 | 7AS5-0.59–0.89 | Probable protein phosphatase 2C 54-like, B. distachyon | XM_003564166.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 44 | BE494482_7_B_Y_29 | BE494482 | 7B | Zuxin response factor 21 (ARF21) gene, Zea mays | HM004536.1 | 92% | 3 × 10−67 |
Outlier 45 | CD491758_6_A_Y_81 | CD491758 | 6A | Calcium-dependent protein kinase-like (CPK10), T. aestivum | EU181189.1 | 92% | 0 |
Outlier 46 | BQ159615_6_B_Y_336 | BQ159615 | 6B | Leucine-rich repeat protein (LRR2), T. aestivum | EF555120.1 | 98% | 0 |
Outlier 47 | BF291774_6_B_181 | BF291774 | 6BSc | Putative vacuolar cation/proton exchanger 4-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570864.1 | 83% | 0 |
Outlier 48 | BF292264_7_A_712 | BF292264 | 7AS1-0.89–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 49 | BF292193_7_B_N_78 | BF292193 | 7BL7-0.63–0.78 | Cytochrome b5 (cb5-1 gene), Oryza sativa | AJ429043.1 | 84% | 8 × 10−103 |
Outlier 50 | BF291774_6_B_519 | BF291774 | 6BSc | Putative vacuolar cation/proton exchanger 4-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570864.1 | 83% | 0 |
Outlier 51 | BG263233_1_B_825 | BG263233 | 1BL2-0.0.69–0.85 | Flap endonuclease 1-A-like, B. distachyon | XM_003567949.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 52 | BG605368_2_A_156 | BG605368 | C-2AL1-0.85 | Exopolygalacturonase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003571584.1 | 86% | 4 × 10−136 |
Outlier 53 | BG605368_2_A_Y_310 | BG605368 | C-2AL1-0.85 | Exopolygalacturonase-like, B. distachyon | XM_003571584.1 | 86% | 4 × 10−136 |
Outlier 54 | BG263521_2_B_Y_261 | BG263521 | C-2BS1-0.53 | Mitogen activated protein kinase (MEK1), O, sativa | AF080436.1 | 83% | 4 × 10−141 |
Outlier 55 | BF203070_3_B_Y_52 | BF203070 | 3BS9-0.57–0.78 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 56 | BE637808_4_A_Y_332 | BE637808 | 4A | DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 16-like, B. distachyon | XM_003559423.1 | 90% | 4 × 10−165 |
Outlier 57 | BF482950_4_A_Y_272 | BF482950 | 4A | Lariat debranching enzyme-like, B. distachyon | XM_003559432.1 | 90% | 7 × 10−117 |
Outlier 58 | BF483551_4_A_N_203 | BF483551 | 4AS3-0.76–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 59 | BE497820_5_A_Y_664 | BE497820 | C-5AL10-0.57 * | Probable thylakoidal processing peptidase 2, chloroplastic-like, B. distachyon | XM_003578166.1 | 89% | 0 |
Outlier 60 | BE498662_7_A_Y_513 | BE498662 | 7AS8-0.45–0.59 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 61 | BF482403_7_A_126 | BF482403 | 7AL21-0.74–0.86 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 62 | BQ169669_7_A_Y_378 | BQ169669 | 7AL18 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 63 | BE499248_7_B_Y_63 | BE499248 | 7BS1-0.27–1.00 | Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase 2, B. distachyon | XM_003564219.1 | 95% | 6 × 10−153 |
Outlier 64 | BF485380_7_B_Y_479 | BF485380 | 7B | Unknown | |||
Outlier 65 | BM140362_1_B_432 | BM140362 | 1BL1-0.47–0.69 | Glyoxysomal processing protease, glyoxysomal-like, B. distachyon | XM_003568135.1 | 89% | 0 |
Outlier 66 | BG604678_4_A_Y_256 | BG604678 | 4AL13-0.59–0.66 | Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain-containing protein 1-like, B. distachyon | XM_003560712.1 | 92% | 0 |
Outlier 67 | CD453913_7_A_105 | CD453913 | 7A | Phosphoserine phosphatase, chloroplastic-like, B. distachyon | XM_003577403.1 | 89% | 2 × 10−179 |
Outlier 68 | BG262421_6_A_87 | BG262421 | 6AS1-0.35–0.65 | Purple acid phosphatase 18-like, B. distachyon | XM_003562305.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 69 | BG262287_7_B_Y_175 | BG262287 | 7B | Vacuolar proton-ATPase subunit A, T. aestivum | DQ432014.1 | 99% | 0 |
Outlier 70 | BE490763_2_A_1462 | BE490763 | 2AL1-0.85–1.00 | Endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1-like, B. distachyon | XM_003580100.1 | 88% | 0 |
Outlier 71 | BE471213_6_A_N_28 | BE471213 | 6AL8-0.90–1.00 | Metal tolerance protein C2-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570688.1 | 92% | 6 × 10−178 |
Outlier 72 | BE591172_4_B_Y_148 | BE591172 | 4BL5-0.86–1.00 | Phytoenedesaturase (PDS), T. aestivum | FJ517553.1 | 98% | 0 |
Outlier 73 | BE591974_5_A_1534 | BE591974 | 5AS1-0.40–0.75 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 74 | BE591290_1_B_Y_289 | BE591290 | 1BL2-0.0.69–0.85 | B73 WTF1 gene, Zea mays cultivar | FJ264201.1 | 82% | 2 × 10−134 |
Outlier 75 | BE591002_7_A_244 | BE591002 | 7AL17-0.71–0.74 | Probable alanyl-t RNA synthetase, chloroplastic-like, transcript variant 2, B. distachyon | XM_003563964.1 | 85% | 2 × 10−108 |
Outlier 76 | BE591777_6_A_Y_394 | BE591777 | 6AL8-0.90–1.00 | PAP-specific phosphatase HAL2-like, B. distachyon | XM_003570307.1 | 89% | 1 × 10−128 |
Outlier 77 | BE497494_2_A_Y_475 | BE497494 | 2AS5-0.78–1.00 | GLU gene for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase precursor, O. sativa | AB061357.1 | 96% | 0 |
Outlier 78 | BE497224_4_A_Y_41 | BE497224 | 4AS1-0.20–0.63 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 79 | BE605194_7_B_Y_583 | BE605194 | 7BL10-0.78–1.00 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase At5g01020-like, B. distachyon | XM_003563310.1 | 92% | 2 × 10−131 |
Outlier 80 | BG275030_2_A_96 | BG275030 | 2AS5-0.78–1.00 | Symplekin-like, B. distachyon | XM_003559695.1 | 91% | 4 × 10−144 |
Outlier 81 | BG275030_2_A_Y_103 | BG275030 | 2AS5-0.78–1.00 | Symplekin-like, B. distachyon | XM_003559695.1 | 91% | 4 × 10−144 |
Outlier 82 | BF475120_6_B_Y_75 | BF475120 | 6BL5-0.40–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 83 | BG313707_5_A_Y_547 | BG313707 | 5AS1-0.40–0.75 | 2 oxoglutarate/malate translocator, chloroplastic-like, B. distachyon | XM_003575906.1 | 93% | 3 × 10−160 |
Outlier 84 | BG314532_2_A_Y_446 | BG314532 | 2AS5-0.78–1.00 | Unknown | |||
Outlier 85 | BQ168780_5_B_995 | BQ168780 | C-5BL14–0.75 * | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like, B. distachyon | XM_003577407.1 | 92% | 1 × 10−145 |
Outlier 86 | BG314551_3_A_Y_162 | BG314551 | 3AS4-0.45–1.00 | 66 kDa stress protein-like, B. distachyon | XM_003567837.1 | 87% | 4 × 10−176 |
Outlier 87 | BQ168329_2_A_Y_198 | BQ168329 | 2A | Protoporphyrin IX Mg-chelatase subunit precursor (Xantha-f) gene, H. vulgare | U26916.1 | 97% | 0 |
Outlier 88 | BE426222_3_A_68 | BE426222 | C-3AS2-0.23 | Topless-related protein 2-like, transcript variant 1, B. distachyon | XM_003566383.1 | 91% | 0 |
Outlier 89 | BE489326_3_B_Y_300 | BE489326 | C-3BL2-0.22 | CTD-phosphatase-like protein, Zea mays | NM_001155943.1 | 80% | 1 × 10−115 |
Outlier 90 | BE425301_4_A_Y_160 | BE425301 | 4AS4-0.63–0.76 | 40S ribosomal protein gene, T. aestivum | AF479043.1 | 99 | 5 × 10−175 |
Outlier 91 | BE426413_6_B_286 | BE426413 | C-6BL5-0.40 * | Adenosine kinase 2-like, B. distachyon | XM_003575347.1 | 94% | 0 |
Outlier 92 | BJ291318_5_B_Y_120 | BJ291318 | 5B | 60S ribosomal protein L23a-like, B. distachyon | XM_003557882.1 | 87% | 2 × 10−179 |
Origin | Sample Size | Gene Diversity | PIC |
---|---|---|---|
East-Asia | 15 | 0.2220 | 0.1798 |
Eastern-Europe | 15 | 0.2183 | 0.1792 |
Latin-America | 12 | 0.2518 | 0.2044 |
Middle-East | 32 | 0.1906 | 0.1549 |
North-Africa | 12 | 0.2054 | 0.1682 |
North-America | 33 | 0.2351 | 0.1937 |
Oceania | 7 | 0.2179 | 0.1747 |
South-Africa | 4 | 0.1591 | 0.1252 |
South-Asia | 6 | 0.1575 | 0.1258 |
Western-Europe | 14 | 0.2299 | 0.1902 |
Geographical Region of Origin | Country | Region within Country | Code | Accession Identifier# | Collection Year | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East Asia (15) | China | Heilongjiang | PDW1 | CItr 11495 | 1932 | 48.00N | 128.00E | |
Heilongjiang | PDW238 * | PI 70658 | 1926 | 45.75N | 126.65E | 140 | ||
Heilongjiang | PDW239 * | PI 70662 | 1926 | 45.76N | 126.66E | 140 | ||
Heilongjiang | PDW245 * | PI 79900 | 1929 | |||||
Xinjiang | PDW161 | PI 447421 | 1980 | |||||
Jiangsu | PDW40 * | PI 124292 | 1937 | 31.75N | 120.25E | |||
Jiangsu | PDW244 * | PI 74830 | 1927 | 33N | 120E | |||
Beijing | PDW27 * | CItr 5094 | 1916 | 39.93N | 116.40E | 62 | ||
Sichuan | PDW31 * | CItr 8327 | 1924 | 28.83N | 104.58E | 452 | ||
unknown | PDW25 * | CItr 5077 | 1916 | |||||
unknown | PDW26 * | CItr 5083 | 1916 | |||||
unknown | PDW85 | PI 283853 | 1962 | |||||
unknown | PDW159 | PI 435100 | 1979 | |||||
Japan | Hokkaido | PDW222 * | PI 61351 | 1924 | 40.71N | 142.50E | ||
Hokkaido | PDW223 * | PI 61352 | 1924 | 40.72N | 142.51E | |||
Central Asia (2) | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | PDW217 * | PI 61112 | 1924 | 50.47N | 80.22E | 220 |
Kazakhstan | PDW218 * | PI 61123 | 1924 | 50.48N | 80.23E | 220 | ||
South Asia (6) | Nepal | Sonsera | PDW51 * | PI 176228 | 1949 | 2128 | ||
Pakistan | Punjab | PDW64 | PI 210910 | 1953 | 31.00N | 72.00E | ||
Punjab | PDW65 | PI 210911 | 1953 | 31.01N | 72.01E | |||
Punjab | PDW142 * | PI 388132 | 1974 | 31.02N | 72.02E | |||
India | Madhya Pradesh, | PDW145 * | PI 41015 | 1915 | 22.00N | 79.00E | ||
Gujarat | PDW146 * | PI 41342 | 1915 | 21.70N | 72.97E | |||
Middle East (32) | Turkey | Ankara | PDW36 | PI 109588 | 1935 | 39.53N | 32.63E | 938 |
Bitlis | PDW192 * | PI 560717 | 1986 | 38.77N | 42.37E | 1770 | ||
Bitlis | PDW193 * | PI 560718 | 1986 | 38.78N | 42.38E | 1770 | ||
Siirt | PDW190 * | PI 560702 | 1986 | 37.82N | 41.87E | 560 | ||
Siirt | PDW194 * | PI 560889 | 1989 | 37.75N | 42.20E | 1070 | ||
unknown | PDW102 | PI 346985 | 1970 | |||||
Syria | Dimashq | PDW52 * | PI 182697 | 1949 | 33.5N | 36.30E | 690 | |
Halab | PDW57 * | PI 193391 | 1951 | 36.2N | 37.17E | 410 | ||
Unknown | PDW180 | PI 520415 | 1987 | |||||
Unknown | PDW41 * | PI 134596 | 1939 | |||||
Iran | Khuzestan, | PDW42 * | PI 140184 | 1941 | 32.38N | 48.40E | 126 | |
East Azerbaijan | PDW72 * | PI 222675 | 1954 | 38.08N | 46.30E | 1399 | ||
Tehran | PDW76 * | PI 243790 | 1957 | 35.27N | 49.28E | 1866 | ||
Fars | PDW88 * | PI 289821 | 1963 | 30.33N | 51.52E | 1130 | ||
Iraq | Ninawa | PDW79 * | PI 253801 | 1958 | 36.33N | 43.13E | 223 | |
Unknown | PDW47 | PI 165846 | 1948 | |||||
Unknown | PDW58 * | PI 208903 | 1953 | |||||
Unknown | PDW60 * | PI 208907 | 1953 | |||||
Unknown | PDW61 * | PI 208908 | 1953 | |||||
Unknown | PDW62 * | PI 208910 | 1953 | |||||
Unknown | PDW242 * | PI 70736 | 1926 | |||||
Israel | Unknown | PDW77 | PI 249816 | 1958 | ||||
Unknown | PDW78 | PI 249820 | 1958 | |||||
Unknown | PDW90 | PI 292035 | 1963 | |||||
Unknown | PDW139 | PI 384043 | 1973 | |||||
Unknown | PDW141 | PI 388035 | 1974 | |||||
Cyprus | Unknown | PDW68 * | PI 210952 | 1953 | ||||
Unknown | PDW75 | PI 237632 | 1957 | |||||
Unknown | PDW208 | PI 591959 | 1994 | |||||
Yemen | Aden | PDW45 | PI 152567 | 1945 | 12.77N | 45.01E | 79 | |
Azerbaijan | Unknown | PDW73 | PI 233213 | 1956 | ||||
Unknown | PDW101 | PI 345707 | 1950 | |||||
North America (33) | USA | North Dakota | PDW3 | Citr 12068 | 1940 | |||
North Dakota | PDW7 | Citr 13246 | 1955 | |||||
North Dakota | PDW8 | Citr 13333 | 1957 | |||||
North Dakota | PDW288 | Ldn 16 | ||||||
Colorado | PDW29 | Citr 6881 | 1923 | |||||
Kansas | PDW189 | PI 560335 | 1992 | |||||
Arizona | PDW200 | PI 573005 | 1988 | |||||
Arizona | PDW211 | PI 601250 | 1985 | |||||
California | PDW210 | PI 600931 | 1982 | |||||
California | PDW231 | PI 656793 | 2009 | |||||
California | PDW232 | PI 656794 | 2009 | |||||
California | PDW233 | PI 656795 | 2009 | |||||
Erevan | PDW250 | PI 9872 | 1903 | 40.18N | 44.50E | 1120 | ||
Mexico | Federal District | PDW152 | PI 428453 | 1978 | ||||
Federal District | PDW173 | PI 519751 | 1987 | |||||
Federal District | PDW174 | PI 519752 | 1987 | |||||
Federal District | PDW176 | PI 519761 | 1987 | |||||
Federal District | PDW177 | PI 519866 | 1987 | |||||
Federal District | PDW178 | PI 520053 | 1987 | |||||
Federal District | PDW216 | PI 610765 | 1999 | |||||
Federal District | PDW227 | PI 634315 | 2001 | |||||
Federal District | PDW229 | PI 634318 | 2001 | |||||
Unknown | PDW179 | PI 520173 | 1987 | |||||
Unknown | PDW49 | PI 168708 | 1948 | |||||
Unknown | PDW150 | PI 422289 | 1978 | |||||
Unknown | PDW13 | Citr 15874 | 1972 | |||||
Canada | Saskatchewan | PDW18 | Citr 17337 | 1974 | ||||
Saskatchewan | PDW186 | PI 546060 | 1990 | |||||
Saskatchewan | PDW187 | PI 546362 | 1991 | |||||
Saskatchewan | PDW202 | PI 583724 | 1994 | |||||
Saskatchewan | PDW205 | PI 583731 | 1994 | |||||
Saskatchewan | PDW206 | PI 583732 | 1994 | |||||
Saskatchewan | PDW207 | PI 583733 | 1994 | |||||
Latin America (12) | Chile | La Araucania | PDW14 | Citr 17057 | 1972 | |||
La Araucania | PDW15 | Citr 17058 | 1972 | |||||
La Araucania | PDW16 | Citr 17157 | 1972 | |||||
La Araucania | PDW17 | Citr 17159 | 1972 | |||||
Peru | Junin | PDW248 | PI 91956 | 1931 | 12.03S | 75.28W | 3252 | |
Cajamarca | PDW249 | PI 92024 | 1931 | 7.60S | 78.47W | 3050 | ||
Unknown | PDW48 | PI 168692 | 1948 | |||||
Brazil | Sao Paulo | PDW54 | PI 191645 | 1950 | 22.00S | 49.00W | ||
Unknown | PDW175 | PI 519759 | 1987 | |||||
Bolivia | Cochabamba | PDW196 * | PI 565259 | 1991 | 17.40S | 66.23W | 3245 | |
Cochabamba | PDW197 * | PI 565266 | 1991 | 17.57S | 65.83W | 2730 | ||
Ecuador | Pichincha | PDW87 | PI 286546 | 1963 | ||||
Oceania (7) | Australia | Victoria | PDW28 * | Citr 5136 | 1916 | 34.25S | 141.50E | |
Western Australia | PDW50 | PI 174645 | 1949 | |||||
Western Australia | PDW235 | PI 67341 | 1926 | |||||
New South Wales | PDW74 | PI 235159 | 1956 | 33.00S | 146.00E | |||
Unknown | PDW34 | PI 107606 | 1934 | |||||
Unknown | PDW138 | PI 377882 | 1973 | |||||
Unknown | PDW153 | PI 428701 | 1978 | |||||
Western Europe (14) | Portugal | Lisboa | PDW195 | PI 56233 | 1923 | |||
France | Unknown | PDW124 | PI 352450 | 1969 | ||||
Greece | Unknown | PDW106 | PI 352389 | 1969 | ||||
Sweden | Gotland | PDW56 | PI 192711 | 1950 | ||||
Switzerland | Switzerland | PDW105 | PI 352377 | 1969 | ||||
Spain | Unknown | PDW112 | PI 352404 | 1969 | ||||
Germany | Unknown | PDW22 * | Citr 2468 | 1904 | ||||
Germany | Lower Saxony | PDW93 | PI 306664 | 1965 | ||||
Bulgaria | Unknown | PDW100 | PI 344743 | 1969 | ||||
Bulgaria | Khaskovo | PDW188 | PI 546462 | 1990 | ||||
Italy | Unknown | PDW113 | PI 352408 | 1969 | ||||
Latium | PDW115 | PI 352415 | 1969 | |||||
Latium | PDW209 | PI 593005 | 1996 | |||||
England | Unknown | PDW83 | PI 278223 | 1962 | ||||
Unknown | PDW84 | PI 278648 | 1962 | 53.00N | 2.00W | |||
Unknown | PDW95 | PI 321702 | 1967 | |||||
Romania | Unknown | PDW131 | PI 376498 | 1972 | ||||
Unknown | PDW132 | PI 376500 | 1972 | |||||
Unknown | PDW133 | PI 376501 | 1972 | |||||
Unknown | PDW135 | PI 376509 | 1972 | |||||
Unknown | PDW136 | PI 376511 | 1972 | |||||
Unknown | PDW137 | PI 376512 | 1972 | |||||
Eastern Europe (5) | Ukraine | Kharkiv | PDW160 | PI 438973 | 1980 | |||
Russian | Altay | PDW24 * | Citr 3267 | 1911 | 52.68N | 83.21E | 152 | |
Former Soviet | PDW118 | PI 352436 | 1969 | |||||
Union | ||||||||
Former Soviet | PDW119 | PI 352437 | 1969 | |||||
Union | ||||||||
Krasnoyarsk | PDW220 * | PI 61189 | 1924 | 58.45N | 92.17E | 79 | ||
South Africa (4) | South Africa | Unknown | PDW151 * | PI 42425 | 1916 | |||
Free State | PDW163 * | PI 45442 | 1917 | 29.17S | 24.75E | 1123 | ||
Cape Province | PDW164 * | PI 45443 | 1917 | 30.98S | 27.33E | 1703 | ||
Cape Province | PDW167 | PI 46766 | 1918 | 31.47S | 19.78E | 994 | ||
North Africa (12) | Algeria | Mascara | PDW39 * | PI 11715 | 1904 | 35.74N | 0.55E | 104 |
Tunisia | Unknown | PDW107 | PI 352390 | 1969 | ||||
Unknown | PDW170 * | PI 51210 | 1920 | 33.02N | 35.57E | |||
Unknown | PDW171 | PI 519380 | 1987 | |||||
Egypt | Giza | PDW46 | PI 153774 | 1946 | 29.77N | 31.30E | ||
Minufiya | PDW183 | PI 532119 | 1988 | 30.47N | 30.93E | 12 | ||
Unknown | PDW212 * | PI 60712 | 1924 | |||||
Sinai | PDW215 * | PI 60742 | 1924 | 29.50N | 34.00E | |||
Alexandria | PDW237 * | PI 7016 | 1901 | 31.17N | 29.87E | |||
Sawhaj | PDW243 * | PI 7422 | 1901 | 26.35N | 31.89E | 65 | ||
Ethiopia | Unknown | PDW110 | PI 352395 | 1969 | ||||
Unknown | PDW128 * | PI 352551 | 1969 |
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Ren, J.; Sun, D.; Chen, L.; You, F.M.; Wang, J.; Peng, Y.; Nevo, E.; Sun, D.; Luo, M.-C.; Peng, J. Genetic Diversity Revealed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers in a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Durum Wheat. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 7061-7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047061
Ren J, Sun D, Chen L, You FM, Wang J, Peng Y, Nevo E, Sun D, Luo M-C, Peng J. Genetic Diversity Revealed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers in a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Durum Wheat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(4):7061-7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047061
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Jing, Daokun Sun, Liang Chen, Frank M. You, Jirui Wang, Yunliang Peng, Eviatar Nevo, Dongfa Sun, Ming-Cheng Luo, and Junhua Peng. 2013. "Genetic Diversity Revealed by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers in a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Durum Wheat" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 4: 7061-7088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047061