Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PL Classes
3. Sources of Marine PLs
3.1. Fish Roe
3.2. Krill Oil
3.3. Fish
4. Different Tissue Distribution of FAs from PL and TG Ester Forms
5. Health Effects of Non-Marine and Marine PLs
5.1. PLs
5.2. Choline
5.3. n-3 PUFAs
5.4. n-3 PLs
5.4.1. KO
5.4.2. Fish and Fish Roe
6. Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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Area of study | Population characteristics | Treatment | Main findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular | Dyslipidemia | KO | Improved blood lipids | [56] |
Obesity | Normal to obese | KO | Changed endocannabinoid levels | [57] |
Inflammation | Arthritis | KO | Reduced arthritic symptoms | [58] |
Athletes | KO | Reduced oxidative damage | [59] | |
PMS | Women | KO | Reduced dysmenorrhea | [60] |
Brain | Memory complains | n-3 PS 1 | Improved word recall | [61] |
Eye | ADHD children | n-3 PLs 2 | Improved attention | [62] |
Liver | Chronic liver disease | Roe 3 | Improved lipid parameters | [10] |
Bioavailability | Healthy | KO | Increased n-3 FA blood levels | [22,63,64] |
Area of study | Animal model | Treatment | Main findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular | Heart failure (r) | KO | Attenuated heart remodeling | [65] |
Healthy (m) | Roe 1 | Improved blood lipids and adiponectin | [8,66] | |
Obesity | High fat diet (m) | n-3 PLs 2 | Improved metabolic profile | [67] |
High-fat diet (r) | KO | Decreased body weight | [68] | |
High-fat diet (m) | KO | Reduced endocannabinoid biosynthesis | [69] | |
High-fat diet (m) | KO | Decreased hepatic steatosis | [70] | |
Genetic obesity (r) | KO | Decreased hepatic and heart lipids | [44] | |
High-fat diet (m) | Roe 3 | Reduced abdominal fat | [71] | |
Inflammation | TNFα overexpression (m) | Roe 3, KO | Increased hepatic β-oxidation | [72–74] |
Ulcerative colitis (r) | KO | Reduced oxidative stress | [75] | |
Arthritis (m) | KO | Reduced arthritis scores | ||
Brain | Healthy (r) | n-3 PLs 4 | Improved memory function | [46] |
Genetic obesity (r) | KO | Increased DHA level in brain | [45] | |
Healthy (r) | n-3 PS 5 | Improved learning and memory | [76] | |
Healthy (m) | Roe 1 | Improved learning capacity | [9] | |
Bone | Growing females (r) | KO | Did not improve bone mass/architecture | [77] |
Other | Healthy (r) | KO | Decreased hepatic lipogenesis | [78] |
Healthy (m) | KO | Beneficial hepatic gene regulation | [79] |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Burri, L.; Hoem, N.; Banni, S.; Berge, K. Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 15401-15419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115401
Burri L, Hoem N, Banni S, Berge K. Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(11):15401-15419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115401
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurri, Lena, Nils Hoem, Sebastiano Banni, and Kjetil Berge. 2012. "Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 11: 15401-15419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115401