Resistance to β-lactams in Bacteria Isolated from Different Types of Portuguese Cheese
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Enumeration of ampicillin resistant bacteria
2.3. Detection of ampicillin resistant bacteria
2.4. Nitrocefin test and antimicrobial susceptibility tests
2.5. Bacterial identification
2.6. β-lactamase genes
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Enumeration of ampicillin resistant bacteria
3.2. Detection of β-lactam-resistant bacteria
3.3. Bacterial identification
3.4. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests
3.5. Molecular genetics of resistance genes
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Type of cheese | Milk | Number of cheeses | |
---|---|---|---|
Origin | Thermal processing | ||
A* | ewe | no | 2 |
B | ewe | no | 13 |
C | goat | no | 2 |
D | goat | pasteurization | 1 |
E | cow | pasteurization | 1 |
F | mixture (cow, ewe and goat) | no | 1 |
Family/Genus | Species | Number of isolates | % | Type of cheese | Recovery medium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enterobacteriaceae | NI | 17 | 28.3 | A, B, C, D | VRBG, SS |
Proteus vulgaris | 9 | 15.0 | B, C, F | VRBG, SS | |
Escherichia coli | 6 | 10.0 | B, D, F | VRBG, SS | |
Morganella morganii | 6 | 10 | B, C, F | VRBG, SS | |
Enterobacter cloacae | 4 | 6.7 | A, B, F | VRBG | |
Proteus mirabilis | 2 | 3.3 | B, F | VRBG | |
Serratia rubidaea | 2 | 3.3 | A | SS | |
Citrobacter freundii | 1 | 1.7 | B | VRBG | |
Enterobacter sakazakii | 1 | 1.7 | B | VRBG | |
Enterobacter alvei | 1 | 1.7 | B | VRBG | |
Providencia retgeri | 1 | 1.7 | B | SS | |
Shigella boydii | 1 | 1.7 | D | SS | |
Pseudomonas spp. | NI | 5 | 8.3 | B, C | VRBG, SS |
Aeromonas spp. | NI | 4 | 6.7 | B, C, D | VRBG, SS |
All | 60 | 100 | A, B, C, D, F | VRBG, SS |
Susceptible | Resistant | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antimicrobial agent | Φ | MIC a) | % | Φ | MIC a) | n | % | ||
(mm) | (μg/mL) | n | (n = 172) | (mm) | (μg/mL) | (n = 172) | |||
β - lactams | AMC (30:10 μg) | ≥ 18 | ≤ 8/4 | 67 | 39.0 | ≤ 13 | ≥ 32/16 | 89 | 51.7 |
FOX (30 μg) | ≥ 18 | ≤ 8 | 70 | 40.7 | ≤ 14 | ≥ 32 | 80 | 46.5 | |
CTX (30 μg) | ≥ 23 | ≤ 8 | 115 | 66.9 | ≤ 14 | ≥ 32 | 23 | 13.4 | |
CPO (30 μg) | ≥ 18 | ≤ 8 | 150 | 87.2 | ≤ 14 | ≥ 32 | 10 | 5.8 | |
ATM (30 μg) | ≥ 22 | ≤ 8 | 142 | 82.6 | ≤ 15 | ≥ 32 | 10 | 5.8 | |
CAZ (30 μg) | ≥ 18 | ≤ 8 | 158 | 91.9 | ≤ 14 | ≥ 32 | 9 | 5.2 | |
MEM (10 μg) | ≥ 16 | ≤ 4 | 156 | 90.7 | ≤ 13 | ≥ 16 | 9 | 5.2 | |
IPM (10 μg) | ≥ 16 | ≤ 4 | 164 | 95.3 | ≤ 13 | ≥ 16 | 2 | 1.2 | |
Non β – lactams | TET (30 μg) | ≥ 19 | ≤ 4 | 56 | 32.6 | ≤ 14 | ≥ 16 | 80 | 46.5 |
SXT (1:19 μg) | ≥ 16 | ≤ 2/38 | 103 | 59.9 | ≤ 10 | ≥ 8/152 | 66 | 38.4 | |
CHL (30 μg) | ≥ 18 | ≤ 8 | 108 | 62.8 | ≤ 12 | ≥ 32 | 35 | 20.3 | |
GEN (10 μg) | ≥ 15 | ≤ 4 | 169 | 98.3 | ≤ 12 | ≥ 8 | 3 | 1.7 | |
CIP (5 μg) | ≥ 21 | ≤ 1 | 168 | 97.7 | ≤ 15 | ≥ 4 | 0 | 0.0 |
Resistance Phenotype | Number of isolates | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes | AMP, SXT, TET | 8 | 4.65 |
AMP, AMC, FOX, SXT, TET | 8 | 4.65 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CHL, TET | 7 | 4.07 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CHL, SXT, TET | 4 | 2.33 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CHL, SXT | 4 | 2.33 | |
AMP, AMC, CHL, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, CHL, SXT, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, SXT, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, CHL, SXT, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, CPO, CHL, SXT, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, CHL, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, FOX, CHL, TET | 2 | 1.16 | |
Others with only one representative | 9 | 5,22 | |
Sub-total | 54 | 31.40 | |
Non-multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes | AMP | 38 | 22.09 |
AMP, TET | 19 | 11.05 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, SXT | 8 | 4.65 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, TET | 7 | 4.07 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX | 6 | 3.49 | |
AMP, AMC, TET | 5 | 2.91 | |
AMP, SXT | 5 | 2.91 | |
AMP, AMC | 4 | 2.33 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, ATM | 4 | 2.33 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, CPO, ATM | 4 | 2.33 | |
AMP, FOX, SXT | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, CARB, SXT | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, SXT | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, CEPH3, CPO, CARB, SXT | 2 | 1.16 | |
AMP, AMC, FOX, SXT | 2 | 1.16 | |
Others with only one representative | 8 | 4.64 | |
Sub-Total | 118 | 68.60 | |
Total | 172 | 100 |
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Amador, P.; Fernandes, R.; Prudêncio, C.; Brito, L. Resistance to β-lactams in Bacteria Isolated from Different Types of Portuguese Cheese. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 1538-1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041538
Amador P, Fernandes R, Prudêncio C, Brito L. Resistance to β-lactams in Bacteria Isolated from Different Types of Portuguese Cheese. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009; 10(4):1538-1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041538
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmador, Paula, Ruben Fernandes, Cristina Prudêncio, and Luísa Brito. 2009. "Resistance to β-lactams in Bacteria Isolated from Different Types of Portuguese Cheese" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10, no. 4: 1538-1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041538