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Article

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids: Insights into the Properties of Porphyrin-Type Systems with Strongly Electron-Withdrawing β,β’-Fused Rings

by
Timothy D. Lash
1,*,
Catherine M. Cillo
1 and
Deyaa I. AbuSalim
1,2,3
1
Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
2
Department of Chemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
3
STEM Department, Rowan College of South Jersey, Vineland, NJ 08360, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081822
Submission received: 25 March 2025 / Revised: 13 April 2025 / Accepted: 14 April 2025 / Published: 18 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porphyrin-Based Compounds: Synthesis and Application, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

:
A series of porphyrinoids fused to highly electron-withdrawing bis(thiadiazolo)benzene units have been prepared and spectroscopically characterized. These structures have modified chromophores and exhibit large bathochromic shifts. The nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc complexes of a bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin were prepared, and these showed strong absorptions above 600 nm that shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing atomic number for the coordinated metal cations. Although the investigated porphyrinoids were poorly soluble, proton NMR data could be obtained, and these demonstrated that the structures possess global aromatic character. This was confirmed with nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations and anisotropy of induced current density (AICD) plots. The AICD plots also demonstrate that the fused heterocyclic unit is disconnected from the porphyrinoid π-system, and in this respect, it differs from phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids as it shows the presence of extended conjugation pathways.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Porphyrins with β,β’-fused aromatic rings 1 have been widely explored due to their modified reactivity and the presence of extended chromophores [1,2,3]. Although the UV-vis spectra for monobenzoporphyrins 2 [4,5], naphtho[1,2-b]porphyrins 3 [6,7], phenanthro[5,6-b]porphyrins 4 [8,9] and pyrenoporphyrins 5 [10] and related systems [11] only show minor bathochromic shifts, acenapthoporphyrins 6 [12,13] and thiadiazolobenzoporphyrins 7 [14] exhibit highly modified spectra [15] (Figure 1). These effects are magnified when two or more fused rings are present [1,2,3,15]. Evidence showing that the diatropic ring currents for structures of this type can extend through the fused arene units have also been presented [16]. Porphyrins with fused heterocyclic rings [17], including quinoporphyrin 8, isoquinoporphyrin 9 [18], and phenanthrolinoporphyrins 10 [19,20], are also known and show a similar range of spectroscopic properties.
Studies of this type have been extended to annulated porphyrin analogs. For instance, a series of structures with fused tropone units were prepared [21], specifically porphyrin 11, heteroporphyrins 12, carbaporphyrin 13, oxybenziporphyrin 14a, and oxypyriporphyrin 14b (Figure 2). These porphyrinoids showed intriguing spectroscopic properties. In addition to giving red-shifted UV-vis spectra, the proton NMR spectra were also unusual. The external meso-proton resonances were shifted upfield compared to structures lacking the fused tropone units, indicating that the macrocyclic ring currents were reduced [21]. This interpretation was supported by the resonances for the methyl substituents as these were also shifted comparatively upfield from the expected value of 3.6 ppm. For instance, carbaporphyrin 13 gave two 2H resonances for the meso-protons at 9.04 and 8.50 ppm, results that are 1–1.5 ppm upfield from the expected values. However, the internal protons are shifted upfield as well, indicating that they have enhanced diamagnetic ring currents instead. For 13, the NHs appeared at −6.99 ppm, while the 21-H was located at −9.29 ppm, chemical shifts that are over 2 ppm upfield from the expected values [21]. The origin of these contradictory results cannot be easily explained.
As the tropone unit is strongly electron-withdrawing, it was anticipated that porphyrinoids directly fused to 1,10-phenanthroline might exhibit the same phenomenon. A series of phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids (series a) were prepared [22] and contrasted with equivalent structures fused to phenanthrene (series b) (Figure 3) [9,23,24]. Solubility was a limiting factor, but the results demonstrated that similar upfield shifts to the internal and external proton resonances were found in series a but not for series b (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). Phenanthrolinoporphyrin 10 (series a) shows significant upfield shifts to the meso-protons compared to its structural analog 4 (series b), although the values for the inner NH protons are less clear-cut [22] (Table 1). Similar comparisons could be made for thiaporphyrins 16a/b and selenaporphyrins 17a/b. A reduction in diatropic character in porphyrinoids due to the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents has been noted by others [23,24], and the results given in Table 1 might be considered to be a result of this factor. Nevertheless, the NH resonances for series a are mostly further upfield than the results for series b, which is the opposite to expectations. However, the data for carbaporphyrins 18a and 18b provide more clarity [22] (Table 2). The meso-protons are significantly shielded, as were the methyl substituents, for phenanthrolinocarbaporphyrin 18a compared to the analogous phenanthrene-fused structure 18b [25]. Some variations were noted due to temperature changes, but the NH and 21-H protons were shifted upfield by ca. 2 ppm, thereby showing similar contradictory results to tropone-fused porphyrinoid 13. Similar contrasting results are seen for oxypyriporphyrins 19a and 19b, as well as for oxybenziporphyrins 20a and 20b [26] (Table 3). Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations showed that the phenanthrolinoporphyrinoids 10 and 15a–20a retained fully aromatic properties, adding further confusion [22]. Both the tropone- and phenanthroline-fused series showed similar upfield shifts to both the internal and external protons resonances, where, on balance, the macrocycles appear to have reduced diatropic character, but the NICS calculations contradict this conclusion. One possibility is that the shifts result from selective intermolecular aggregation in a face-to-face head-to-tail orientation (Figure 4), but the limited solubility of these structures makes this hypothesis difficult to investigate.
In order to better understand this phenomenon, further examples of porphyrinoids with fused electron-withdrawing subunits were required. Specifically, some preliminary investigations had been carried out on the synthesis of a porphyrin 21 and a benzocarbaporphyrin 22 with strongly electron-withdrawing fused bis(thiadiazolo)benzo units [27] (Scheme 1). Unfortunately, the electron-deficient character of intermediary pyrrole 23 with the fused heterocyclic unit drastically reduced reactivity, and this inhibits the formation of a key tripyrrolic intermediate. Nevertheless, this approach provides access to a series of porphyrinoids with an unusual highly electron-withdrawing fused heterocycle and provides important new insights into how ring fusion influences the overall aromatic character of these macrocycles [28].

2. Results and Discussion

4-Nitrobenzo[1,2-c:3,4-c’]bis(1,2,5)thiadiazole (24) condensed with ethyl isocyanoacetate in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) afforded bis-thiadiazolobenzo[4,5-c]pyrrole 25 in 84% yield [27] (Scheme 1). Cleavage of the ethyl ester with KOH in ethylene glycol at 180 °C gave a quantitative yield of the related unsubstituted heterocycle 23. Attempts to form tripyrrane 26 under acidic conditions were unsuccessful. However, when chloromethylpyrrole 27 was treated with pyridine for 1 h and then reacted with 23 under refluxing conditions, tripyrrane 26 could be isolated in 25% yield [27]. Treatment of 26 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to cleave the terminal tert-butyl ester groups, followed by condensation with pyrrole dialdehyde 28 or indene dialdehyde 29, afforded porphyrin 21 in 35% yield and carbaporphyrin 22 in 25% yield [27] (Scheme 1).
Unfortunately, these products are virtually insoluble in organic solvents, and characterization of the free base forms by NMR spectroscopy was not possible. In an attempt to overcome this problem, a tripyrrane with butyl substituents was targeted (Scheme 2). tert-Butyl 4-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (30) was reacted with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) to give chloromethylpyrrole 31. As was the case for 27 [14], chloromethylpyrrole 31 proved to be unstable. As it was too soluble in solvents such as hexane to facilitate recrystallization and chromatography led to decomposition, 31 was used without purification. The crude chloromethylpyrrole was stirred with pyridine for 1 h at room temperature to generate a pyridinium derivative, 23 was added, and the resulting mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 16 h. Following column chromatography on silica, eluting with 1% triethylamine–dichloromethane, crude tripyrrane 32 was isolated in 22% yield.
Tripyrrane 32 was deprotected with TFA and reacted with a series of dialdehydes to give, following oxidation with aqueous solutions of ferric chloride, porphyrin 33, and a series of porphyrin analogs (Scheme 3). Reaction with pyrrole dialdehyde 28 [29], followed by purification by column chromatography on grade 3 alumina and recrystallization from chloroform–methanol, gave bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin 33 in 36% yield. Similarly, condensation with furan dialdehyde 34a gave oxaporphyrin 35a, but it was necessary to purify this system in protonated form after washing the solution with hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrochloride was isolated in 20% yield. Thiophene dialdehyde 34b gave relatively poor results affording thiaporphyrin 35b in only 8% yield. Selenophene dialdehyde gave even worse results, affording only trace amounts of impure selenaporphyrin 35c. It is unclear why these heteroporphyrins are generated in inferior yields, and while the larger chalconide atoms might inhibit cyclizations, this methodology has been utilized to prepare thia- and selenaporphyrins [30], including phenanthrene- and phenanthroline-fused structures [9,22], in good to excellent yields. Reaction of indene dialdehyde 29 [31] with 32 afforded carbaporphyrin 36 in 24% yield, while reaction with 3-hydroxy-2,6-pyridinedicarbaldehyde (37) [32] gave oxypyriporphyrin 38 in 32% yield. Poorer results were obtained with 4-hydroxy-isophthalaldehyde (39), but oxybenziporphyrin 40 could still be isolated in 12% yield.
The presence of two butyl substituents did improve the solubility of these porphyrinoids, but it remained challenging to obtain proton NMR data for the free base structures. Protonation improved the solubility to a limited extent, but in most cases, only poor-quality 13C{1H} spectra could be obtained. The free base form of porphyrin 33 gave the best results. At 29 °C, the meso-proton resonances appeared downfield as two 2H singlets at 10.50 and 9.76 ppm. The methyl substituents gave rise to a 6H singlet at 3.56 ppm, and the internal NHs gave a broad peak at −4.19 ppm (Table 1). Although some minor shifts were observed at 55 °C (Table 1, Figure 5), the data in both cases showed that the global diatropic ring current for 33 is not significantly affected by the presence of the fused heterocycle. A 13C{1H} spectrum of 33 could not be obtained, but an HSQC spectrum was recorded over a period of approximately 15 h, and this showed the meso-carbon resonances at 101.8 and 96.2 ppm. In TFA-CDCl3, the meso-protons shifted downfield to give two 2H singlets at 12.19 and 10.78, and the methyl substituents could be identified as a 6H singlet at 3.74 ppm. These results demonstrate increased diatropicity, a phenomenon that is commonly observed for protonated porphyrins [33]. The UV-vis spectrum of 33 is significantly altered as the Soret band is shifted to 430 nm and the visible region is dominated by two Q bands at 575 and 693 nm (Figure 6). The fused heterocycle drastically reduced the basicity of the porphyrin and approximately 300 equivalents of TFA were required to monoprotonate the system. The Soret band for this species appeared at 434 nm and was greatly enhanced compared to the free base (Figure 5). At higher concentrations of TFA, only minor spectroscopic changes were noted.
Porphyrin 33 was reacted with nickel(II) acetate, copper(II) acetate, and zinc acetate in refluxing N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and the related metal complexes 33M were isolated in 67–95% yield (Scheme 4). The UV-vis spectra for these derivatives gave rise to intense Soret bands and a strong secondary absorption above 600 nm (Figure 7). Porphyrinoids with strong absorptions in the red or far red are of interest as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy [34,35], and while these bands are not shifted all that far into this region, they show promise. As expected, bathochromic shifts were observed with increasing atomic number for the coordinating metal cations [8,36]. 33Ni gave a Soret band at 429 nm and a strong Q band at 608 nm, and these appeared at 435 and 615 nm for 33Cu and 444 and 623 nm for 33Zn. The addition of pyrrolidine to solutions of 33Zn led to further shifts giving a Soret band at 458 nm and a long-wavelength Q band at 633 nm. Pyrrolidine coordinates to zinc porphyrins and is well known to improve solubility [37]. Copper(II) porphyrins are paramagnetic and do not give useful NMR spectra. However, 33Ni was sufficiently soluble in CDCl3 at 55 °C to give a proton NMR spectrum. The meso-protons gave rise to two 2H singlets at 10.59 and 9.49 ppm, and the methyl substituents afforded a 6H singlet at 3.34 ppm. Zinc complex 33Zn was far less soluble but a poor-quality NMR spectrum could be obtained at 55 °C that showed the analogous resonances at 9.75, 9.36, and 3.21 ppm. The data indicate that the nickel complex has a slightly reduced diamagnetic ring current compared to 33. However, while this also appears to be the case for 33Zn, the shifts may simply be due to aggregation. The addition of pyrrolidine deaggregates the complex, and this results in the meso-protons shifting downfield to give two 2H singlets at 11.28 and 9.80 ppm, while the methyl resonance appeared as a 6H singlet at 3.56 ppm, results that indicate retention of a powerful aromatic ring current. The results show similar trends to other metalated porphyrins [8], and the fused heterocyclic unit does not appear to significantly impact the global aromatic character for these structures.
Oxaporphyrin 35a was isolated as a hydrochloride salt. In 1% Et3N-CHCl3, the UV-vis spectrum, which corresponded to the free base, showed two broad Soret bands at 373 and 437 nm and a series of minor absorptions in the visible region (Figure 8). In 5% TFA–chloroform, a strong Soret band emerges at 411 nm that was attributed to a monoprotonated species. A proton NMR spectrum was obtained in TFA-CDCl3, and this showed the meso-protons as two 2H singlets at 12.35 and 11.96 ppm, while the methyl groups directly attached to the macrocycle afforded a 6H singlet at 3.91 ppm. Although NMR data could not be obtained for free base 35a, the protonated form clearly has a very strong diamagnetic ring current.
Thiaporphyrin 35b gave a proton NMR spectrum at 50 °C that showed the meso-protons as two 2H singlets at 10.33 and 10.21 ppm, while the methyl groups gave a 6H singlet at 3.32 ppm (Table 1). The NH resonance was identified at −4.30 ppm. Although selenaporphyrin 35c was isolated as an impure sample in very low yield, the corresponding resonances were observed at 10.69, 10.53, 3.33, and −3.63 ppm. These spectra show that these heteroporphyrins are strongly diatropic. When contrasting the free base forms of porphyrins, thiaporphyrins, and selenaporphyrins with fused phenanthrene, phenanthroline, and bis(thiadiazolo)benzene rings, only the phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids show significant upfield shifts to the meso-protons together with the anomalous upfield shifts to the NH protons [22], indicating that the previously observed effects are not simply due to the presence of a fused strongly electron-withdrawing unit (Table 1). The addition of TFA to 35b enhanced the ring current for the protonated form, and the meso-protons appeared downfield at 12.63 and 11.57 ppm. The UV-vis spectrum for 35b gave a Soret band at 428 nm and a longer-wavelength Q band at 685 nm (Figure 9). In 5% TFA–chloroform, a strong Soret band emerged at 428 nm.
Carbaporphyrin 36 was very poorly soluble, but a low-quality proton NMR spectrum could be obtained in CDCl3 at 55 °C (Figure 10). The meso-protons appeared as two 2H singlets at 10.55 and 9.65 ppm, the methyl groups gave a peak at 3.45 ppm, and the internal NH and 21-H protons showed up at −4.93 and −7.45 ppm. Although the internal and external protons are shifted slightly upfield compared to benzocarbaporphyrins [25,38] without the fused heterocycle, the results indicate that the global aromatic properties for this structure have not been significantly altered. In the presence of trace amounts of TFA, the meso-protons shifted downfield to give two 2H singlets at 11.63 and 10.28 ppm, while the NH and 21-H resonances appeared at −2.57 and −6.51 ppm, respectively. These data indicate that protonation slightly enhances the aromatic properties. The UV-vis spectrum for 36 gave rise to a Soret band at 458 nm and a series of Q bands that tapered off at 700 nm (Figure 11). Protonation with TFA required >200 equivalents to complete the formation of the monoprotonated form, and this afforded a Soret band at 471 nm.
Oxypyriporphyrin 38 also has very low solubility, but proton NMR data could be obtained in CDCl3 at 55 °C. Due to the asymmetry of this system, the meso-protons gave rise to four 1H singlets, and these appeared at 10.89, 10.83, 10.78, and 9.39 ppm (Table 3). The inner NH protons produced two broad peaks at −3.91 and −4.01 ppm. These results again show that the bis(thiadiazolo)benzo unit does not significantly impact the aromatic properties of the porphyrinoid system, and the contradictory shifts noted for phenanthroline-fused oxypyriporphyrin 19a are not seen for 38. As expected, the addition of TFA led to the meso-proton resonances being shifted downfield to give four 1H singlets at 11.82, 11.81, 11.12, and 10.19 ppm. The UV-vis spectrum for 38 in chloroform gave a strong Soret band at 444 nm and a series of Q bands that extend to nearly 700 nm (Figure 12). Monoprotonation required the addition of ca. 300 equivalents of TFA, but further changes were observed at higher concentrations of TFA. Similar observations were made for 19a.
Oxybenziporphyrin 40 was also rather insoluble, but a proton NMR spectrum could be obtained at 55 °C (Figure 13 and Table 3), although this required approximately 1500 transients to obtain an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. The meso-protons gave signals at 10.52, 10.40, 10.36, and 9.13 ppm; the methyl substituents appeared as two 3H singlets at 3.49 and 3.40 ppm; the internal NH protons gave broad peaks at −3.99 and −4.15 ppm; and the 22-H resonance showed up at −7.08 ppm. The results confirm that the macrocycle is strongly diatropic, but the fused heterocycle does not significantly perturb these results. Once again, the bis(thiadiazolo)benzo unit does not exert the effects observed for tropone-fused or phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids. Hence, the presence of a strongly electron-withdrawing fused moiety does not in and of itself lead to the effects described for 11–20. The addition of trace amounts of TFA resulted in a slight downfield shift to the meso-proton resonances, but this is reversed at higher concentrations of TFA. The 22-H shifted downfield towards 0 ppm upon the addition of TFA. This is attributed to protonation onto the carbonyl oxygen as this will result in the arene unit taking on phenolic character, and this interrupts the global delocalization pathways. The UV-vis spectrum of 40 in chloroform gave a Soret band at 450 nm, a secondary absorption at 465 nm, and Q bands at 621, 668, and 733 nm (Figure 14). Monoprotonation required ca. 400 equivalents of TFA and resulted in an enhancement in the Soret band. At higher concentrations of TFA, this trend was reversed.
Phenanthrolino-oxybenziporphyrin 20a gave rise to a new species in 1% DBU–chloroform [22]. This was attributed to deprotonation generating an anionic species 41 (Scheme 5) that is resonance-stabilized by the carbonyl moiety. We speculated that a similar phenomenon might be observed for oxybenziporphyrin 40. Although some spectroscopic changes to the electronic absorption spectra were observed in 1% DBU–chloroform (Figure 15), even 10% DBU was insufficient to fully convert 40 into a new species (assumed to be 42; Scheme 5). This result shows that the bis(thiadiazolo)benzo unit is far less effective in stabilizing the negative charge in this type of anionic species compared to 1,10-phenanthroline.
Even though the 1,10-phenanthroline and bis(thiadiazolo)benzene units are both strongly electron-withdrawing, their impact on the aromatic properties of annelated porphyrinoids is quite different. In order to gain insights into these differences, density functional theory (DFT) calculations [39,40,41,42,43] were carried out. The structures were optimized using M06-2X with the triple-ζ basis set 6-311++G(d,p). Four tautomers of unsubstituted bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin (S2-BP) were considered, and the two forms with opposite N−H protons were shown to have the lowest energies (Table 4). Tautomer S2-BPa, which has an NH on the pyrrole that is fused to the heterocycle, is slightly less stable than S2-BPb. The aromatic character of these structures was assessed using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations [44]. Standard NICS calculations include effects due to σ and π electrons and are not always accurate, and in this study, NICS(0) and NICS(1)zz calculations were carried out. In NICS(1)zz, the calculations were performed 1 Å above the ring, and the results provide a more accurate measure of the diatropic ring currents. Negative values correspond to aromatic species, while positive values are obtained for antiaromatic systems. Positive values may also be observed when the NICS values are measured at points that are external to the aromatic delocalization pathways. All four tautomers gave strongly aromatic NICS(0) and NICS(1)zz values (Table 4). The NICSzz values are much larger than those for standard NICS calculations, but otherwise, the observed trends were similar. The porphyrinoid structures were also assessed using anisotropy of induced current density (AICD) [45]. The AICD plots for S2-BPa and S2-BPb show the presence of 18π-electron circuits within the macrocycle, and the heterocyclic unit appears to be totally disconnected, showing no significant interactions (Figure 16). This differs from the results for phenanthroline-fused porphyrins as the AICD plot for the tautomer analogous to S2-BPa shows the presence of a significant 30π-electron diatropic circuit that extends around the periphery of the fused phenanthroline unit.
NICS and NICSzz calculations for unsubstituted oxaporphyrin S2-OxBP, thiaporphyrin S2-BTP, and selenaporphyrin S2-BSP all show strongly aromatic values for the two most likely tautomers, although structures with the NH opposite to the chalconide atom are favored (Table 5). The AICD plots again showed that the fused heterocycle’s π-system does not interact with the conventional porphyrin-type 18π-electron pathways. In contrast, heteroporphyrins with fused phenanthroline units show an extended 30π aromatic circuit through the phenanthroline [22]. Four tautomers of unsubstituted bis(thiadiazolobenzo)carbaporphyrin (S2-BCBP) were considered, all of which have 18π-electron delocalization pathways (Table 6). Tautomers S2-BCBPc and S2-BCBPd with internal methylene units are far higher in energy, and S2-BCBPa with opposite NHs is favored. NICS and NICSzz values for S2-BCBPa show that the macrocycle is strongly aromatic. Ring g gives a low positive value indicating that it lies outside of the aromatic pathways, a feature that is seen in the calculations for all of the bis(thiadiazolobenzo)porphyrinoids. The AICD plot for S2-BCBPa (Figure 17) reinforces this interpretation, once again showing that the fused heterocycle does not facilitate extended aromatic conjugation pathways. However, this type of extended aromatic circuit is seen in the AICD plot for the analogous phenanthroline-fused carbaporphyrin [22]. A bond length analysis of S2-BCBPa is also consistent with this conclusion (Figure 18). The bonds connecting the thiadiazole units to the porphyrinoid macrocycle are relatively long, as is the case for the bonds connected to the benzo-unit, indicating that both of the fused rings are only weakly interacting with the aromatic π-system.
Five tautomers of unsubstituted pyriporphyrin S2-OPBP were considered (Table 7). Hydroxypyridine tautomer S2-OPBPd is much less stable, but an unconventional tautomer S2-OPBPe bearing an NH on the pyridine moiety is only ca. 5 kcal less stable than the favored tautomer S2-OPBPa, suggesting that this structural arrangement should be easily accessible. Otherwise, as expected, the tautomer with opposite NHs on the pyrrole subunits is the most stable form. NICS and NICSzz calculations show that all five tautomers are fully aromatic. The AICD plot for S2-OPBPa shows that the fused heterocycle is disconnected from the macrocycle’s π-system even though the related phenanthroline-fused system shows the presence of an extended 30π-electron pathway. Four tautomers of oxybenziporphyrin S2-OBBP were also investigated (Table 8). Phenolic tautomer S2-OBBPd is the least stable for this set, and semiquinone tautomer S2-OBBPa with opposite NHs is the most stable form. NICS and NICSzz calculations show that tautomer S2-OBBPa is at most weakly aromatic, but the remaining tautomers exhibit strongly diatropic properties. For S2-OBBPa, rings c and g have low positive values, indicating that they lie outside of the global aromatic circuit. AICD plots also show the presence of an 18π-electron aromatic pathway that does not interact to any extent with the fused heterocycle. The analogous phenanthroline-fused oxybenziporphyrin possesses a 30π-electron circuit, as is the case for the other phenanthrolinoporphyrinoids discussed in this paper.
The results indicate that the anomalous proton NMR spectra observed for phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids are triggered by the presence of extended conjugation pathways through the phenanthroline moiety. Extended aromatic circuits do not contribute to the delocalization pathways in porphyrinoids with fused bis(thiadiazolo)benzene units, and this, presumably, is the reason that these two series are so different from one another. While the results for the bis(thiadiazolo)benzene-fused porphyrinoids are self-consistent and the computational data are in good agreement with the experimental results, further studies will be needed to explain the anomalous results for tropone-fused and phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids.

3. Experiments

Chemicals and solvents were purchased from Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) or Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Melting points were uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded using a 400 or 500 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) and were recorded at 302 K unless otherwise indicated. 1H NMR values are reported as chemical shifts δ, relative integral, multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad peak) and coupling constant (J). Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to CDCl3 (1H residual CHCl3 singlet δ 7.26 ppm, 13C CDCl3 triplet δ 77.23 ppm), and coupling constants were taken directly from the spectra. NMR assignments were made with the aid of 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, DEPT-135, and nOe difference proton NMR spectroscopy. Two-dimensional NMR experiments were performed using standard software. Mass spectral data were acquired using positive-mode electrospray ionization (ESI+) and a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Tripyrrane 32. N-Chlorosuccinimide (0.350 g. 2.6 mmol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 4-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (30) [20] (0.650 g, 2.59 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was washed with water (3 × 50 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude chloromethylpyrrole 31 as a yellow-brown oil. The residue was taken up in pyridine (20 mL) and stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 1 h. Bis-thiadiazolobenzo[4,5-c]pyrrole 23 [27] (200 mg, 0.858 mmol) was then added, and the mixture was refluxed with stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 h. The solution was cooled, diluted with dichloromethane, and washed with water. The organic layer was evaporated, and the residue was purified on a silica column, eluting with 1% triethylamine–dichloromethane, giving the crude tripyrrane as a brown solid (138 mg, 0.188 mmol, 22%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.22 (br s, 2H, 2 × NH), 8.58 (br s, 1H, NH), 4.45 (s, 4H, 2 × bridge-CH2), 2.38 (t, 4H, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 × pyrrole-CH2), 2.23 (s, 6H, 2 × pyrrole-CH3), 1.39–1.26 (m, 8H), 1.41 (s, 18H, 2 × t-Bu), 0.86 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3): δ 161.4, 154.3, 148.8, 128.4, 127.3, 126.4, 122.9, 119.5, 111.5, 80.5, 33.7, 28.7, 24.0, 23.9, 22.8, 14.1, 10.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C38H50N7O4S2 732.3360; found 732.3361.
7,18-Dibutyl-12,13-diethyl-8,17-dimethylbis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-c]porphyrin (33). The foregoing crude tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of pyrroledialdehyde 28 (12.2 mg, 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and water, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a grade 3 alumina column, eluting with dichloromethane. A deep-green fraction was collected and recrystallized from chloroform–methanol to give the title porphyrin (16.6 mg, 0.0247 mmol, 36%) as deep purple crystals, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 372 (4.58), 410 (sh, 4.59), 436 (5.05), 530 (3.89), 575 (4.35), 603 (4.34), 642 (3,45). UV-vis (300 eq TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 410 (4.73), 434 (5.34), 554 (4.00), 571 (4.06), 598 (3.86), 623 (4.33). UV-vis (1% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 353 (4.00), 409 (4.33), 433 (5.37), 570 (4.05), 622 (4.33). UV-vis (5% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 408 (4.75), 431 (5.39), 569 (4.05), 622 (3.31). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 32 °C): δ 10.50 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.76 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 4.00 (q, 4H, J = 7.7 Hz, 12,13-CH2), 3.85 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 7,18-CH2), 3.56 (s, 6H, 8,17-Me), 2.15 (pentet, 4H, J = 7.5 Hz, 7,19-CH2CH2), 1.95 (t, 6H, J = 7.7 Hz, 12,13-CH2CH3), 1.68 (sextet, 4H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.09 (t, 6H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −4.19 (br s, 2H, 2 × NH). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C): δ 10.86 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.85 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 4.03–3.96 (m, 8H, 7,12,13,18-CH2), 3.60 (s, 6H, 8,17-Me), 2.25 (pentet, 4H, J = 7.5 Hz, 7,19-CH2CH2), 1.95 (t, 6H, J = 7.7 Hz, 12,13-CH2CH3), 1.75 (sextet, 4H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 114 (t, 6H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −3.77 (br s, 2H, 2 × NH). Partial 13C NMR derived from HSQC spectrum (CDCl3, 55 °C): δ 101.8 (5,20-CH), 96.2 (10.15-CH), 34.8 (7,18-CH2CH2), 26.0 (7,18-CH2), 23.0 (2 × CH2CH2CH3), 19.8 (12,13-CH2), 18.2 (12,13-CH2CH3), 14.0 (2 × (CH2)3CH3), 11.3 (8,17-Me). 1H NMR (500 MHz, TFA-CDCl3): δ 12.19 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 10.76 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 4.31 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 7,18-CH2), 4.20 (q, 4H, J = 7.7 Hz, 12,13-CH2), 3.74 (s, 6H, 8,17-CH3), 2.31–2.35 (m, 4H, 8,17-CH2CH2), 1.84–1.74 (m, 10H, 12,13-CH2CH3 and 7,18-CH2CH2CH2), 1.15 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 7,18-(CH2)3CH3), −3.32 (br s), −3.37 (br s) (3H). 13C{1H} NMR (TFA-CDCl3): δ 152.6, 150.3, 146.3, 145.8, 144.8, 143.8, 143.5, 139.8, 136.4, 126.4, 103.2 (5,20-CH), 99.8 (10,15-CH), 34.7 (7,18-CH2CH2), 27.1 (7,18-CH2), 23.4 (2 × CH2CH2CH3), 20.2 (12,13-CH2), 17.3 (12,13-CH2CH3), 13.8 (2 × (CH2)3CH3), 12.1 (8,17-Me). HRMS (ESI+): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C38H41N8S2: 673.2890; found 673.2875.
Metal complexes of 33 were prepared by refluxing the porphyrin (9.0 mg, 0.0134 mmol) with 20 mg of a zinc, copper(II), or nickel(II) acetate in DMF (10 mL) for 3–16 h. After diluting the mixture with chloroform, washing with water, and evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure, the residues were recrystallized from chloroform–methanol to give purple crystals. 33Ni: 6.6 mg, 0.0090 mmol, 67%, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 372 (4.21), 429 (4.65), 608 (4.32). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C): δ 10.59 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.49 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 3.91–3.86 (m, 4H, 12,13-CH2), 3.72–3.68 (m, 4H, 7,18-CH2), 3.34 (s, 6H, 8,17-Me), 2.14–2.07 (m, 4H, 7,19-CH2CH2), 1.85 (t, 6H, J = 7.5 Hz, 12,13-CH2CH3), 1.72–1.68 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.11 (t, 6H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3). HRMS (EI): m/z M+ calcd for C38H38N8NiS2 728.2014; found 728.2020. 33Cu: 9.4 mg, 0.0128 mg, 95%, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax (log ε) 374 (4.30), 435 (4.76), 574 (3.77), 615 (4.25). HRMS (MALDI): m/z M+ calcd for C38H38CuN8S2 733.1957; found 733.1940. 33Zn: 7.3 mg, 0.0099 mmol, 74%, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 378 (4.40), 444 (4.72), 534 (sh, 3.77), 569 (3.77), 623 (4.33). UV-vis (1% pyrrolidine-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 383 (4.38), 432 (sh, 4.40), 458 (4.81), 540 (3.75), 580 (3.77), 633 (4.38). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C, meso-protons only): δ 9.75 (br s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.36 (s, 2H, 10,15-H). 1H NMR (500 MHz, pyrrolidine-CDCl3): δ 11.28 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.80 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 4.09 (t, 4H, J = 7.5 Hz, 7,18-CH2), 4.02 (q, 4H, J = 7.5 Hz, 12,13-CH2), 3.56 (s, 6H, 8,17-Me), 2.36–2.30 (m, 4H, 7,19-CH2CH2), 1.89 (t, 6H, obscured by pyrrolidine, 12,13-CH2CH3), 1.53–1.47 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.16 (t, 6H, J = 7.5 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3). HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C38H39N8S2Zn 735.2025; found 735.2037.
8,17-Dibutyl-7,18-dimethyl-benzo[b]bis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-l]-21-carbaporphyrin (36). Tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of indenedialdehyde 29 (11.7 mg, 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and water, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a grade 3 alumina column, eluting with dichloromethane. Recrystallization from chloroform–methanol gave the carbaporphyrin (11.0 mg, 0.0165 mmol, 24%) as a dark solid, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 393 (4.46), 458 (4.89), 597 (4.40), 635 (4.02), 696 (3.68). UV-vis (1% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 411 (4.43), 471 (4.83), 500 (sh, 4.36), 629 (4.21), 708 (3.79). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C, partial data): δ 10.55 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 9.65 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 8.70–8.68 (m, 2H, 21,31-H), 7.79–7.77 (m, 2H, 22,32-H), 3.81 (br t, 4H), 3.45 (s, 6H), −4.93 (br s, 2H, 2 × NH), −7.45 (s, 1H, 21-H). 1H NMR (500 MHz, 5 mL TFA-CDCl3): δ 11.63 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 10.28 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 8.65–8.63 (m, 2H, 21,31-H), 7.72–7.70 (m, 2H, 22,32-H), 4.18 (t, 4H, J = 7.4 Hz, 8,17-CH2), 3,59 (s, 6H, 7,18-Me), 2.26–2.19 (m, 4H, 8,17-CH2CH2), 1.79–1.72 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.14 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −2.57 (s, 2H, 2 × NH), −6.51 (s, 1H, 21-H). 13C{1H} NMR (5 mL TFA-CDCl3, 125 MHz): δ 143.8, 142.3, 142.1, 139.6, 136.1, 128.9, 121.9, 105.2, 99.1, 34.7, 26.6, 23.3, 14.2, 12.0. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C39H36N7S2 666.2468; found 666.2472.
8,17-Dibutyl-7,18-dimethyl-bis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-l]-21-oxaporphyrin hydrochloride (35a.HCl). Tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of furandialdehyde 34a (8.4 mg, 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and 10% hydrochloric acid, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica column, eluting with chloroform and then 5% methanol–chloroform. Recrystallization from chloroform-hexanes gave the title compound (9.0 mg 0.0137 mmol, 20%) as a dark solid, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (1% Et3N-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 373 (4.70), 437 (4.80), 515 (4.09), 576 (4.05), 603 (3.80), 655 (3.91), 679 (4.08). UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 348 (4.43), 413 (5.13), 554 (4.05), 570 (sh, 4.01), 602 (4.45), 645 (2.87), UV-vis (5% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 345 (4.45), 411 (5.18), 470 (sh, 4.09), 553 (4.12), 570 (4.09), 601 (4.53). 1H NMR (500 MHz, TFA-CDCl3): δ 12.35 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 11.06 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 10.57 (s, 2H, 2,3-H), 4.45 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 8,17-CH2), 3,91 (s, 6H, 7,18-Me), 2.52–2.46 (m, 4H, 8,17-CH2CH2), 1.96–1.89 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.26 (t, 6H, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −4.7 (v br, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (TFA-CDCl3): δ 154.6, 153.0, 150.0, 146.2, 141.4, 141.3, 139.7, 132.6), 107.9, 97.8, 35.4, 26.9, 23.5, 14.2, 12.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C34H32N7OS2 618.2104; found 618.2096.
8,17-Dibutyl-7,18-dimethyl-bis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-l]-21-thiaporphyrin (35b). Tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of 2,5-thiophenedicarbaldehyde 34b (9.5 mg; 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and water, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a grade 3 alumina column, eluting with dichloromethane. Recrystallization from chloroform–methanol gave the thiaporphyrin (3.6 mg 0.0057 mmol, 8.3%) as purple crystals, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 382 (4.41), 442 (4.65), 520 (3.96), 628 (3.28), 685 (3.99). UV-vis (1% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 428 (4.96), 571 (3.76), 616 (4.00). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 50 °C): δ 10.33 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 10.21 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 9.94 (s, 2H, 2,3-H), 3.52 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 8,17-CH2), 3,32 (s, 6H, 7,18-Me), 2.09–2.03 (m, 4H, 8,17-CH2CH2), 1.71–1.64 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.08 (t, 6H, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −4.30 (br s, 1H, NH). 1H NMR (500 MHz, TFA-CDCl3): δ 12.63 (s, 2H, 5,20-H), 11.57 (s, 2H, 10,15-H), 10.61 (s, 2H, 2,3-H), 4.45 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 8,17-CH2), 3,91 (s, 6H, 7,18-Me), 2.56–2.52 (m, 4H, 8,17-CH2CH2), 1.98–1.90 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.26 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 × (CH2)3CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (TFA-CDCl3): δ 153.0, 150.1, 146.4, 145.6, 140.9, 137.8, 111.6, 108.5, 35.2, 26.7, 23.4, 14.2, 12.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C34H31N7S3 634.1876; found 634.1876.
9,18-Dibutyl-8,19-dimethyl-bis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-m]oxypyriporphyrin (38). Tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of 3-hydroxy-2,6-pyridinedicarbaldehyde 37 (10.3 mg, 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and water, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a grade 3 alumina column, eluting with chloroform. Recrystallization from chloroform–methanol gave the oxypyriporphyrin (14.1 mg. 0.0219 mmol, 32%) as purple crystals, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 412 (sh, 4.64), 444 (5.01), 459 (sh, 4.76), 611 (4.30), 643 (4.59), 681 (3.62). UV-vis (200 equivalents TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 413 (sh, 4.66), 442 (4.99), 619 (4.37), 650 (4.34), 727 (3.77). UV-vis (1% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 437 (4.92), 448 (4.97), 610 (4.33), 672 (4.14), 736 (4.03). UV-vis (5% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 450 (5.30), 580 (3.98), 612 (3.97), 675 (4.38). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C, partial data): δ 10.90 (s, 1H), 10.84 (s, 1H), 10.78 (s, 1H), 9.39 (s, 1H), 9.21–9.19 (m, 1H), 7.89 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz), −3.91–−4.01 (br, 2H). 1H NMR (500 MHz, TFA-CDCl3): δ 11.82 (s, 1H), 11.81 (s, 1H), 11.12 (s, 1H), 10.19 (s, 1H), 9.86 (d, 1H, J = 9.7 Hz), 8.72 (d, 1H, J = 9.7 Hz), 4.14 (t, 4H, J = 7.8 Hz, 9,18-CH2), 3,60 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 3H) (8,19-Me), 2.22–2.16 (m, 4H, 9,18-CH2CH2), 1.76–1.68 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.13–1.10 (2 overlapping triplets, 6H, 2 × (CH2)3CH3). 13C{1H} NMR (TFA-CDCl3, 125 MHz): δ 151.9, 150.4, 146.4, 146.2, 145.3, 144.5, 143.6, 142.2, 141.1, 136.3, 134.7, 134.1, 107.6, 105.0, 104.7, 103.6, 34.5, 26.7, 23.2, 13.9, 12.2, 12.0. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C39H33N8OS2 645.2213; found 645.2236.
9,18-Dibutyl-8,19-dimethyl-bis(thiadiazolo)benzo[4,5-m]oxybenziporphyrin (40). Tripyrrane 32 (50.0 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 7 min under nitrogen. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL); this was followed by the addition of 4-hydroxyisophthalaldehyde 39 (10.2 mg, 0.068 mmol). The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for an additional 2 h. The dark solution was diluted with chloroform and vigorously shaken with 0.15% aqueous ferric chloride solution (100 mL) for 5–7 min. The organic solution was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, and water, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a grade 3 alumina column, eluting with chloroform. Recrystallization from chloroform–methanol gave the oxybenziporphyrin (5.4 mg. 0.0084 mmol, 12%) as purple crystals, mp > 260 °C. UV-vis (CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 417 (sh, 4.57), 450 (4.86), 465 (4.74), 570 (sh, 4.11), 621 (4.46), 668 (3.93), 723 (3.79). UV-vis (400 equivalents TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 450 (4.93), 484 (4.54), 620 (4.20), 637 (4.19), 663 (sh, 4.04), 726 (3.82). UV-vis (5% TFA-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 378 (4.48), 448 (4.85), 576 (3.87), 627 (4.22), 712 (3.74), 783 (3.78). UV-vis (10% DBU-CHCl3): λmax/nm (log ε) 447 (4.65), 465 (4.60), 497 (4.47), 620 (3.93), 713 (4.22), 764 (3.99). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 55 °C): δ 10.52 (s, 1H), 10.40 (s, 1H), 10.36 (s, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.67 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 9.2 Hz), 3.86–3.80 (m, 4H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2.17–2.11 (m, 4H), 1.74–1.67 (m, 4H), 1.14 (t, 6H, J = 7.4 Hz), −3.99 (br s, 1H), −4.16 (br s, 1H), −7.08 (s, 1H). 1H NMR (500 MHz, TFA-CDCl3): δ 10.42 (s, 1H), 10.39 (s, 1H), 10.14 (s, 1H), 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.79 (dd, 1H, J = 2.1, 8.8 Hz), 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz), 3.74–3.69 (t, 4H, 9,18-CH2), 3,25 (s, 3H), 3.23 (s, 3H) (8,19-Me), 2.04–1.97 (m, 4H, 9,18-CH2CH2), 1.67–1.61 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2CH2CH3), 1.11–1.07 (2 overlapping triplets, 6H, 2 × (CH2)3CH3), −6.59 (s, 1H, 22-H). 13C{1H} NMR (TFA-CDCl3, 125 MHz): δ 151.2, 150.3, 150.2, 142.2, 141.2, 129.1, 124.7, 100.1, 98.6, 33.4, 33.3, 25.5, 23.0, 14.0, 11.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C36H34N7OS2 644.2261; found 644.2256.
Computational Studies. All calculations were performed using Gaussian 16, Revision C.01 [46]. Geometry optimizations were performed using the M06-2X functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set [47,48,49,50]. Vibrational frequencies were computed to confirm the absence of imaginary frequencies and derive zero-point energy and vibrational entropy corrections from unscaled frequencies. Single-point energy calculations were performed on the optimized minima using M06-2X/cc-PVTZ [51]. NICS values were calculated using the GIAO method [52] using CAM-B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), and AICD plots were obtained from CGST calculations using B3LYP/6-31+G(d) [53]. NICS(0) was calculated at the mean position of all four heavy atoms in the middle of the macrocycle. NICS(a), NICS(b), NICS(c), NICS(d), NICS(e), NICS(f), and NICS(g) values were obtained by applying the same method to the mean position of the heavy atoms that comprise the individual rings of each macrocycle. In addition, NICS(1)zz, NICS(1a)zz, NICS(1b)zz, NICS(1c)zz, NICS(1d)zz, NICS(1e)zz, NICS(1f)zz, NICS(1f)zz, and NICS(1h)zz were obtained by applying the same method to ghost atoms placed 1 Å above each of the corresponding NICS(0) points and extracting the zz contribution of the magnetic tensor. The resulting energies, Cartesian coordinates, and AICD plots can be found in the Supporting Information.

4. Conclusions

A series of novel bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids were prepared and characterized. These unusual derivatives retain fully aromatic characteristics but have modified UV-vis spectra. The highly electron-withdrawing fused heterocyclic unit drastically reduces the basicity of the porphyrinoid systems. Nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) complexes of a bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin were prepared, and these gave strong absorptions above 600 nm, particularly in the case of the zinc complex. The free base structures were poorly soluble, but proton NMR spectra could be obtained, mostly at 55 °C, and these showed that the chemical shifts for the internal and external protons fall into the expected range for these aromatic structures. In this respect, these new porphyrinoids differ from porphyrinoids with annulated electron-withdrawing tropone or phenanthroline units as these show seemingly contradictory upfield shifts to both the peripheral and interior protons. NICS calculations and AICD plots show that the thiadiazole units do not significantly interact with the 18π-electron circuits within the macrocycles, providing useful insights into the spectroscopic properties of these structures.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules30081822/s1, Figures S1–S26: Selected UV-vis spectra; Figures S27–S52: Selected proton, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, DEPT-135, and 13C{1H} NMR spectra; Figures S53–S63: Selected HR-TOF-ESI mass spectra; Figures S64–S86: AICD plots; Figures S87–S92: Calculated bond lengths for selected porphyrinoids; Table S1: Calculated Gibb’s free energies and electronic energies of porphyrinoid tautomers; Table S2: Cartesian coordinates.

Author Contributions

Experimental design, writing, funding acquisition, project administration, and laboratory investigations, T.D.L.; laboratory investigations and spectroscopic analysis, C.M.C.; computational studies, D.I.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CHE-2247214. Exact mass measurements and molecular assignments were made with assistance from high-resolution MS instrumentation acquired through support by the National Science Foundation MRI Program under grant no. CHE 1337497. The NSF MRI program is also acknowledged for providing funding for the departmental NMR spectrometers (CHE-0722385).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this article are available in the Supporting Information Section.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Molecules 30 01822 g001
Figure 1. Selected structures of annelated porphyrins.
Figure 1. Selected structures of annelated porphyrins.
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Molecules 30 01822 g002
Figure 2. Tropone-fused porphyrinoids.
Figure 2. Tropone-fused porphyrinoids.
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Molecules 30 01822 g003
Figure 3. 1,10-Phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids.
Figure 3. 1,10-Phenanthroline-fused porphyrinoids.
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Molecules 30 01822 g004
Figure 4. A possible head-to-tail face-to-face intramolecular interaction for a phenanthroline-fused carbaporphyrin.
Figure 4. A possible head-to-tail face-to-face intramolecular interaction for a phenanthroline-fused carbaporphyrin.
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Molecules 30 01822 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis of bis(thiadiazolo)benzopyrroles and related porphyrinoids.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of bis(thiadiazolo)benzopyrroles and related porphyrinoids.
Molecules 30 01822 sch001
Molecules 30 01822 sch002
Scheme 2. Synthesis of a tripyrrane intermediate.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of a tripyrrane intermediate.
Molecules 30 01822 sch002
Molecules 30 01822 sch003
Scheme 3. Synthesis of a series of porphyrin analogs fused to bis(thiadiazolo)benzene.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of a series of porphyrin analogs fused to bis(thiadiazolo)benzene.
Molecules 30 01822 sch003
Molecules 30 01822 g005
Figure 5. Proton NMR spectrum of bis(thiadiazolobenzoporphyrin 33 in CDCl3 at 55 °C.
Figure 5. Proton NMR spectrum of bis(thiadiazolobenzoporphyrin 33 in CDCl3 at 55 °C.
Molecules 30 01822 g005
Molecules 30 01822 g006
Figure 6. UV-vis spectra of porphyrin 33 in chloroform with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
Figure 6. UV-vis spectra of porphyrin 33 in chloroform with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
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Molecules 30 01822 g007
Figure 7. UV-vis spectra of metalated bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin.
Figure 7. UV-vis spectra of metalated bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin.
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Molecules 30 01822 sch004
Scheme 4. Metalation of bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin 33.
Scheme 4. Metalation of bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin 33.
Molecules 30 01822 sch004
Molecules 30 01822 g008
Figure 8. UV-vis spectra of oxaporphyrin 35a in 1% triethylamine–chloroform and in 5% TFA–chloroform.
Figure 8. UV-vis spectra of oxaporphyrin 35a in 1% triethylamine–chloroform and in 5% TFA–chloroform.
Molecules 30 01822 g008
Molecules 30 01822 g009
Figure 9. UV-vis spectra of thiaporphyrin 35b in chloroform and in 5% TFA–chloroform.
Figure 9. UV-vis spectra of thiaporphyrin 35b in chloroform and in 5% TFA–chloroform.
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Molecules 30 01822 g010
Figure 10. Partial proton NMR spectrum of carbaporphyrin 36 in CDCl3 at 55 °C showing details of the upfield and downfield regions.
Figure 10. Partial proton NMR spectrum of carbaporphyrin 36 in CDCl3 at 55 °C showing details of the upfield and downfield regions.
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Molecules 30 01822 g011
Figure 11. UV-vis spectra of benzocarbaporphyrin 36 in chloroform with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
Figure 11. UV-vis spectra of benzocarbaporphyrin 36 in chloroform with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
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Molecules 30 01822 g012
Figure 12. UV-vis spectra of oxypyriporphyrin 38 with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
Figure 12. UV-vis spectra of oxypyriporphyrin 38 with 0–300 equivalents of TFA.
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Molecules 30 01822 g013
Figure 13. Partial proton NMR spectrum of oxybenziporphyrin 40 showing the upfield and downfield regions and the poor baseline results from the very low solubility of this porphyrinoid.
Figure 13. Partial proton NMR spectrum of oxybenziporphyrin 40 showing the upfield and downfield regions and the poor baseline results from the very low solubility of this porphyrinoid.
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Molecules 30 01822 g014
Figure 14. UV-vis spectra of oxybenziporphyrin 40 in chloroform with 0–400 equivalents of TFA.
Figure 14. UV-vis spectra of oxybenziporphyrin 40 in chloroform with 0–400 equivalents of TFA.
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Molecules 30 01822 sch005
Scheme 5. Deprotonation of oxybenziporphyrins.
Scheme 5. Deprotonation of oxybenziporphyrins.
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Molecules 30 01822 g015
Figure 15. UV-vis spectra of oxybenziporphyrin 40 in chloroform, 1% DBU–chloroform, and 10% DBU–chloroform.
Figure 15. UV-vis spectra of oxybenziporphyrin 40 in chloroform, 1% DBU–chloroform, and 10% DBU–chloroform.
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Molecules 30 01822 g016
Figure 16. AICD plots (isovalue 0.05) of bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin tautomers S2-BPa (left) and S2-BPb (right). These demonstrate that the macrocyclic aromatic circuits are disconnected from the fused heterocycle.
Figure 16. AICD plots (isovalue 0.05) of bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin tautomers S2-BPa (left) and S2-BPb (right). These demonstrate that the macrocyclic aromatic circuits are disconnected from the fused heterocycle.
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Molecules 30 01822 g017
Figure 17. AICD plot (isovalue 0.05) of bis(thiadiazolo)benzocarbaporphyrin S2-BCBPa.
Figure 17. AICD plot (isovalue 0.05) of bis(thiadiazolo)benzocarbaporphyrin S2-BCBPa.
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Molecules 30 01822 g018
Figure 18. Calculated bond lengths for bis(thiadiazolo)benzene-fused carbaporphyrin S2-BCBPa showing relatively long carbon–carbon bonds between the porphyrin nucleus and the fused aromatic rings.
Figure 18. Calculated bond lengths for bis(thiadiazolo)benzene-fused carbaporphyrin S2-BCBPa showing relatively long carbon–carbon bonds between the porphyrin nucleus and the fused aromatic rings.
Molecules 30 01822 g018
Table 1. Selected proton NMR resonances for 1,10-phenanthroline-, phenanthrene-, and bis(thiadiazolo)benzene-fused porphyrins and heteroporphyrins.
Table 1. Selected proton NMR resonances for 1,10-phenanthroline-, phenanthrene-, and bis(thiadiazolo)benzene-fused porphyrins and heteroporphyrins.
Molecules 30 01822 i001
abcde
10 [20] 10.149.49-3.52−4.07
4 [9]11.0310.03-3.68−3.60
33 a10.509.76-3.56−4.19
3310.789.82-3.60−3.77
16a [9]9.8010.429.963.25−4.49
16b [22] 11.1510.6710.083.45−3.21
35b b10.3310.219.943.32−4.30
17a a [22]9.7810.5510.243.22−4.81
17a [22]10.0810.6010.263.27−4.38
17b [9]11.2810.8710.413.47−3.40
35c10.6910.5310.193.33−3.63
a Proton NMR spectra obtained from CDCl3 at 29 °C; b proton NMR spectrum of 35b obtained at 50 °C; all other NMR spectra obtained at 55 °C.
Table 2. Selected proton NMR resonances for annelated carbaporphyrins.
Table 2. Selected proton NMR resonances for annelated carbaporphyrins.
Molecules 30 01822 i002
5,20-H10,15-H7,18-MeNH21-CH
18a [22]9.058.632.87−6.83−8.84
18a † [22]9.419.132.94−6.83−8.75
18b [25]10.369.773.46−4.8−7.12
3610.559.653.45−4.93−7.45
† Proton NMR spectrum obtained at 29 °C; other NMR spectra obtained at 55 °C.
Table 3. Selected proton NMR resonances for annelated oxypyri- and oxybenziporphyrins.
Table 3. Selected proton NMR resonances for annelated oxypyri- and oxybenziporphyrins.
Molecules 30 01822 i003
21-Hmeso-H8,19-MeNH22-H
19a [22]10.308.82, 8.76, 8.493.05, 3.01−5.97, −6.11-
19b [26]10.5910.00, 9.98, 9.063.45, 3.29−4.79-
3810.9010.84, 10.78, 9.393.61, 3.53−3.91, −4.01-
20a [22]9.908.97, 8.84, 8.603.06, 3.01−5.4−7.88
20a † [22]9.808.73. 8.46, 8.382.93, 2.90−5.73, 5.95−8.22
20b [26]10.139.74, 9.65, 8.903.31, 3.21-−6.90
4010.5210.40, 10.36, 9.133.49, 3.40−3.99, −4.16−7.08
† Proton NMR spectrum obtained at 29 °C; other NMR spectra obtained at 55 °C.
Table 4. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for selected bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin tautomers.
Table 4. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for selected bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin tautomers.
Molecules 30 01822 i004
S2-BPa		Molecules 30 01822 i005
S2-BPb		Molecules 30 01822 i006
S2-BPc		Molecules 30 01822 i007
S2-BPd
ΔE2.180.008.9411.16
ΔG2982.130.008.6810.80
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−14.14|−35.80−14.05|−35.72−13.84|−35.18−14.01|−35.53
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−11.40|−27.16−1.32|−8.37−0.77|−7.20−11.78|−27.69
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−1.97|−12.67−11.57|−30.83−11.99|−31.28−11.62|−30.59
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)−11.40|−30.50−1.87|−12.54−11.72|−30.79−1.35|−11.44
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−1.97|−12.68−11.57|−30.82−1.77|−12.29−1.49|−11.62
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−11.92|−27.27−12.10|−27.58−12.09|−27.61−11.97|−27.36
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−11.92|−27.27−12.10|−27.58−12.11|−27.68−11.95|−27.14
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+4.12|+4.18+3.60|+2.66+3.54|+2.46+4.09|+4.22
Table 5. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzoheteroporphyrin tautomers.
Table 5. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzoheteroporphyrin tautomers.
Molecules 30 01822 i008
S2-OxBPa		Molecules 30 01822 i009
S2-OxBPb		Molecules 30 01822 i010
S2-BTPa		Molecules 30 01822 i011
S2-BTPb
ΔE0.002.400.006.32
ΔG2980.002.140.006.52
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−13.16|−33.10−13.16|−33.11−13.52|−32.90−13.62|−33.22
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−11.40|−27.37+0.34|−4.78−11.75|−28.21−0.54|−6.88
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−0.07|−8.46−11.91|−31.43−9.25|−11.96−11.96|−30.98
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)−14.20|−38.20−15.05|−39.43−14.01|−32.77−14.88|−34.18
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−0.07|−8.46+0.93|−6.55−0.67|−9.230.00|−7.96
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−11.89|−27.19−12.12|−27.77−11.90|−27.17−12.08|−27.61
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−11.89|−27.19−12.14|−27.80−11.90|−27.17−12.11|−27.68
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+4.14|+4.28+3.38|+2.07+4.14|+4.47+3.52|+2.41
Molecules 30 01822 i012
S2-BSPa		Molecules 30 01822 i013
S2-BSPb
ΔE0.007.11
ΔG2980.006.86
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−14.10|−31.50−14.24|−32.41
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−12.07|−28.59+1.22|−8.11
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−1.06|−9.76−12.05|−30.83
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)−12.19|−27.62−12.95|−29.15
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−1.06|−9.76−1.01|−9.87
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−11.92|−27.16−12.10|−27.59
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−11.92|−27.16−12.14|−27.69
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+4.20|+4.52+3.49|+2.46
Table 6. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzocarbaporphyrin tautomers.
Table 6. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzocarbaporphyrin tautomers.
Molecules 30 01822 i014
S2-BCBPa		Molecules 30 01822 i015
S2-BCBPb		Molecules 30 01822 i016
S2-BCBPc		Molecules 30 01822 i017
S2-BCBPd
ΔE0.007.6710.4615.55
ΔG2980.007.038.7113.91
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−13.21|−35.80−12.78|−31.71−4.59|−9.46−5.23|−10.89
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−2.61|−11.48−12.42|−26.86−11.09|−24.45−2.49|−9.84
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−12.34|−29.82−13.33|−39.47−1.06|−9.21−0.11|−7.65
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)+6.40|+8.65+8.27|+21.28−4.22|−17.35−5.31|−19.25
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−12.34|−29.83−2.88|−14.36−1.06|−9.21−11.02|−27.16
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−12.10|−27.76−11.97|−27.01−12.16|−27.82−12.57|−28.82
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−12.10|−27.76−11.95|−26.67−12.16|−27.82−12.52|−28.73
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+3.61|+2.49+4.09|+4.80+3.56|+3.20+2.66|+0.46
NICS(h)|NICS(hzz)−5.24|−19.96−4.76|−16.06−8.57|−26.58−8.80|−28.99
Table 7. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzo-oxypyriporphyrin tautomers.
Table 7. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzo-oxypyriporphyrin tautomers.
Molecules 30 01822 i018
S2-OPBPa		Molecules 30 01822 i019
S2-OPBPb		Molecules 30 01822 i020
S2-OPBPc
ΔE0.009.568.63
ΔG2980.009.698.90
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−13.26|−33.80−13.47|−33.92−13.31|−33.47
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)+1.35|−8.21−11.18|−26.11−11.40|−26.62
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−11.16|−29.96−1.82|−12.62−11.46|−30.21
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)+8.75|+7.64+9.30|+8.59+8.83|+7.77
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−12.03|−31.58−12.39|−32.07−2.66|−14.13
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−12.21|−27.91−12.09|−27.54−12.07|−27.68
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−12.18|−27.86−12.09|−27.72−12.06|−27.46
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+3.42|+2.19+3.86|+3.59+3.87|+3.65
Molecules 30 01822 i021
S2-OPBPd		Molecules 30 01822 i022
S2-OPBPe
ΔE27.744.62
ΔG29828.425.47
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−11.15|−27.31−11.15|−27.31
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−11.53|−26.95−11.53|−26.95
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−1.61|−11.60−1.61|−11.60
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)−3.56|−0.70+3.56|−0.70
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−2.14|−12.56−2.14|−12.56
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−12.07|−27.61−12.07|−27.61
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−12.04|−27.58−12.04|−27.58
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+3.87|+3.67+3.87|+3.67
Table 8. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzo-oxybenziporphyrin tautomers.
Table 8. Calculated relative energies (kcal/mol) and NICS values for bis(thiadiazolo)benzo-oxybenziporphyrin tautomers.
Molecules 30 01822 i023
S2-OBBPa		Molecules 30 01822 i024
S2-OBBPb		Molecules 30 01822 i025
S2-OBBPc		Molecules 30 01822 i026
S2-OBBPd
ΔE0.006.665.7611.41
ΔG2980.006.575.6811.27
NICS(0)|NICS(0zz)−12.51|−32.14−11.86|−29.90−11.87|−29.91−1.61|−2.61
NICS(a)|NICS(azz)−1.59|−8.23−10.22|−22.03−11.55|−25.05−3.30|−6.05
NICS(b)|NICS(bzz)−11.48|−28.17−3.08|+15.42−12.45|−37.57−0.35|−6.59
NICS(c)|NICS(czz)+9.48|+11.43+9.99|+20.20−10.22|−20.75−4.16|−12.91
NICS(d)|NICS(dzz)−13.18|−31.88−14.44|−41.50−4.27|−17.72−1.31|−9.26
NICS(e)|NICS(ezz)−12.28|−28.16−12.29|−27.65−12.14|−27.55−13.12|−30.46
NICS(f)|NICS(fzz)−12.24|−28.08−12.24|−27.89−12.11|−27.26−13.08|−30.39
NICS(g)|NICS(gzz)+3.33|+1.89+3.59|+3.23+3.81|+4.04+1.96|−1.54
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lash, T.D.; Cillo, C.M.; AbuSalim, D.I. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids: Insights into the Properties of Porphyrin-Type Systems with Strongly Electron-Withdrawing β,β’-Fused Rings. Molecules 2025, 30, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081822

AMA Style

Lash TD, Cillo CM, AbuSalim DI. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids: Insights into the Properties of Porphyrin-Type Systems with Strongly Electron-Withdrawing β,β’-Fused Rings. Molecules. 2025; 30(8):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081822

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lash, Timothy D., Catherine M. Cillo, and Deyaa I. AbuSalim. 2025. "Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids: Insights into the Properties of Porphyrin-Type Systems with Strongly Electron-Withdrawing β,β’-Fused Rings" Molecules 30, no. 8: 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081822

APA Style

Lash, T. D., Cillo, C. M., & AbuSalim, D. I. (2025). Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrinoids: Insights into the Properties of Porphyrin-Type Systems with Strongly Electron-Withdrawing β,β’-Fused Rings. Molecules, 30(8), 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081822

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