Improvement of Echinacea purpurea and Ganoderma lucidum Extracts with Cell Model on Influenza A/B Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Line and Viruses
2.2. Testing Samples
2.3. Determination of Total Phenolics and Polysaccharide
2.4. HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
2.5. Calibration Curve and Quantification
2.6. Cytotoxicity Test
2.7. 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose, TCID50
2.8. Cell Survival Assay
2.9. Hemagglutination Assay (HA Assay)
2.10. Analysis of Mitochondria Membrane Potential by JC-1 Staining
3. Results
3.1. Virus
3.2. HPLC Chromatograms of Caffeic Acid Derivatives
3.3. Cytotoxicity Test
3.4. Improvement of Different Samples on Cell Viability with Influenza Virus
3.5. Hemagglutination Assay (HA Assay)
3.6. Improvement of Mitochondria Dysfunction by Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Content (mg/g Dry Weight) | |
---|---|---|
Polysaccharide | Total Phenolic | |
AG | 30.23 ± 1.51 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
GE | 145.16 ± 7.258 | - |
EE | - | 386.98 ± 19.35 |
AG | EE | |
---|---|---|
mg/g Dry Weight | ||
Chlorogenic acid | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 131.15 ± 6.56 |
Echinacoside | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 37.03 ± 1.85 |
Cichoric acid | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 40.26 ± 2.01 |
Caffeic acid | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 261.48 ± 13.07 |
Cynarin | 0.04 ± 0.002 | 14.50 ± 0.72 |
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Chen, B.-K.; Chan, C.-H.; Tsao, A.; Wang, C.-K. Improvement of Echinacea purpurea and Ganoderma lucidum Extracts with Cell Model on Influenza A/B Infection. Molecules 2024, 29, 3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153609
Chen B-K, Chan C-H, Tsao A, Wang C-K. Improvement of Echinacea purpurea and Ganoderma lucidum Extracts with Cell Model on Influenza A/B Infection. Molecules. 2024; 29(15):3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153609
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Bo-Kai, Chi-Ho Chan, Arthur Tsao, and Chin-Kun Wang. 2024. "Improvement of Echinacea purpurea and Ganoderma lucidum Extracts with Cell Model on Influenza A/B Infection" Molecules 29, no. 15: 3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153609