Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Therapeutic Efficacies of Plant Extracts
3.1. Effects of Plant Extracts on Dermal Papilla Cells In Vitro
3.2. Effects of Plant Extracts on Hair Follicles Ex Vivo
3.3. Effects of Plant Extracts on Hair Growth in Animal Models In Vivo
3.4. Clinical Studies on the Hair Growth Promotion or Suppression Efficacy of Plant Extracts
4. Phytochemical Components and Active Compounds in Plant Extracts
4.1. Phenolic Compounds
4.2. Terpenes and Terpenoids
4.3. Sulfur-Containing Compounds, Fatty Acids, and Other Compounds
5. Modulatory Targets of Plant Extracts
5.1. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Senescence Effects of Plant Extracts
5.2. Effects of Plant Extracts on the Apoptotic Cell Death Pathway
5.3. Effects of Plant Extracts on Male Hormones
5.4. Effects of Plant Extracts on Cell Cycle
5.5. Effects of Plant Extracts on the Expression Levels of Growth Factors
5.6. Effects of Plant Extracts on the AKT and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathways
5.7. Effects of Plant Extracts on the Wingless and Int-1 (WNT) Signaling Pathways
5.8. Effects of Plant Extracts on the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) Signaling Pathways
5.9. Effects of Plant Extracts on the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling Pathways
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Extracts | Cell Types | Assays | Effective Concentrations * | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol (EtOH) extract of roots of Asiasarum heterotropoides (or Asiasarum sieboldi) | Human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) | [3 H]-thymidine incorporation | 0.1 μg mL−1 | Rho et al., 2005 [38] |
70% EtOH extract of Erica multiflora | HFDPCs | 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction | 500 and 5000 μg mL−1 | Kawano et al., 2009 [39] |
Water extract of tubers of Aconiti Ciliare | Human immortalized dermal papilla cells (iDPCs) | 2-(2-Methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (WST-1) reduction | 5, 10, and 20 μg mL−1 | Park et al., 2012 [40] |
50% EtOH extract of florets of Carthamus tinctorius | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 5–1250 μg mL−1 | Junlatat and Sripanidkulchai, 2014 [41] |
50% methanol (MeOH) extract of Platycarya strobilacea | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay using 2-(2-Methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (WST-8) reduction | 9.8, 19.5, 39.1, and 156.3 μg mL−1 | Kim et al., 2014 [42] |
Extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 300 μg mL−1 | Park et al., 2015 [43] |
95% EtOH extract of roots of Rumex japonicus | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg mL−1 | Lee et al., 2016 [44] |
DA-5512 formula (EtOH extract of herbal mixture: Thea sinensis, Emblica officinalis, Pinus densiflora, Pueraria thunbergiana, Tribulus terrestris, and Zingiber officinale) | HFDPCs | Ki-67 staining | 100 μg mL−1 | Yu et al., 2017 [45] |
MeOH extract of Geranium sibiricum | HFDPCs | CCK-8 (WST-8) reduction | 19.5 μg mL−1 | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] |
Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus | HFDPCs | PrestoBlue assay using resazurin reduction | 25, 50, 125, and 250 μg mL−1 | Somsukskul et al., 2017 [47] |
Water extract of Cinnamomum osmophloeum | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 5000 μg mL−1 | Wen et al., 2018 [48] |
50% EtOH extract Houttuynia cordata | HFDPCs | Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation | 20 and 50 μg mL−1 | Kim et al., 2019 [49] |
RE-ORGA (hot water extract of herbal mixture: Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Houttuynia cordata, Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Citrus unshiu, Zizyphus jujuba, Perilla frutescens, Camellia sinensis, and Cynanchum wilfordii) | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 10,000, 50,000, and 100,000 μg mL−1 | Kang et al., 2019 [50] |
50% EtOH extract of Polygonum multiflorum | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 10 and 100 μg mL−1 | Shin et al., 2020 [51] |
MeOH extract of Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 15.6, 31.3, and 62.5 μg mL−1 | Jin et al., 2020 [52] |
50% EtOH extract of Plumbago zeylanica | HFDPCs | Cell counting | 0.2 μg mL−1 | Yamada et al., 2020 [53] |
Phyllotex™ (a herbal formula: Euterpe oleracea, Olea europea, Tabebuia impetiginosa, and Coffea Arabica) | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 60–2000 μg mL−1 | Serruya and Maor, 2021 [54] |
50% MeOH extract of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seeds | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 μg mL−1 | Park et al., 2021 [55] |
80% MeOH extract of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 6.2, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg mL−1 | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] |
MeOH extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) | HFDPCs | Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay | 100 μg mL−1 | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] |
60% EtOH extract of Camellia japonica seed cakes | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 20 μg mL−1 | Wang et al., 2022 [58] |
Hot water extract of Lycopus lucidus | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 50 μg mL−1 | Lee et al., 2022 [59] |
Hot water extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarps | HFDPCs | WST-1 reduction | 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg mL−1 | Tan et al., 2022 [60] |
70% EtOH extract of fruit shells of Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | Ki-67 staining | 10 and 50 μg mL−1 | You et al., 2023 [61] |
Water extract of banana (Musa paradisiaca) flowers | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 62.5 and 125 μg mL−1 | Liang et al., 2023 [62] |
20% EtOH extract of Panax ginseng | iDPCs and immortalized human outer root sheath cells (ORSCs) | AlamarBlue assay using resazurin (7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide) reduction | 50 and 100 μg mL−1 | Iwabuchi et al., 2024 [63] |
Extract of leaves of Gynostemma pentaphyllum | HFDPCs | CCK-8 assay | 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg mL−1 | Liu et al., 2024 [64] |
70% EtOH extract of flowers of Silybum marianum | HFDPCs | MTT reduction | 50 and 100 μg mL−1 | You et al., 2024 [65] |
Plant Extracts | Cell Types | Androgens | Assays | Effective Concentrations * | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract of Brassica oleracea | HFDPCs | 50 μg mL−1 testosterone | MTT reduction | 30 and 100 μg mL−1 | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] |
60% EtOH extract of seed cakes of Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | 10 μg mL−1 dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | MTT reduction | 10 and 20 μg mL−1 | Ma et al., 2022 [67] |
50% EtOH extract of fruits of Terminalia bellirica | HFDPCs | 100 μM testosterone | 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2- (4-sulpho phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) reduction | 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg mL−1 | Woo et al., 2023 [68] |
Plant Extracts | Hair Follicles | Hair Growth | Hair Cycle | Cell Proliferation | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) | Human hair follicles | The extract (100 mg mL−1) recovered the number of Ki-67-positive hair matrix keratinocytes reduced by DHT. | Park et al., 2015 [43] | ||
Water extract from oriental melon (Cucumis melo) leaves | Human hair follicles | The extract (100 μg mL−1) enhanced the elongation of hair (entire hair length). | The extract (100 μg mL−1) extended the anagen-phase duration. | The extract (100 μg mL−1) increased Ki-67-positive hair bulb keratinocytes. | Pi et al., 2016 [70] |
Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus | Human hair follicles | The extract (500 μg mL−1) enhanced the elongation of hair. | The extract (500 μg mL−1) extended the anagen-phase duration. | Somsukskul et al., 2017 [47] | |
n-Butanol (BuOH) fraction of Perilla frutescens extract | C57BL/6 mice vibrissa hair follicles | The BuOH fraction (2.5 μg mL−1) enhanced hair shaft growth. | Li et al., 2018 [71] | ||
50% aqueous EtOH extract of Houttuynia cordata | Human hair follicles | The extract (20 μg mL−1) extended the anagen-phase duration. | Kim et al., 2019 [49] | ||
Extract of Polygonum multiflorum | Human hair follicles | The extract (20 or 50 μg mL−1) extended the anagen-phase duration. | Shin et al., 2020 [51] | ||
Extract of Brassica oleracea | Male C57BL/6 mice hair follicles (whisker pads) | The extract (10 μg mL−1) recovered the elongation of the hair shaft suppressed by testosterone. | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] | ||
Extract of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) | Human hair follicles | The extract (10 mg mL−1) enhanced the elongation of hair. | Hashimoto et al., 2022 [72] | ||
Extract of Panax ginseng | Human hair follicles | The extract (100 μg mL−1) enhanced the elongation of the hair shaft. | Iwabuchi et al., 2024 [63] |
Plant Extracts | Animal Models | Vehicle or Formula | Treatments | Hair Growth | Hair Cycle | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetone extract of Boehmeria nipononivea | 5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory agent | EtOH | Topical application; 20 days | Vehicle control < 2% extract | Shimizu et al., 2000 [75] | |
MeOH extract of dried roots of Sophora flavescens | 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Roh et al., 2002 [76] |
EtOH extract of roots of Asiasarum heterotropoides (or Asiasarum sieboldi) | 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 40% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract | Rho et al., 2005 [38] | |
7-week-old female C3H mice; dorsal hair shaving | 40% EtOH | Topical application; 45 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract | |||
70% EtOH extract of Erica multiflora | 7-week-old male C3H/He mice; dorsal hair shaving | Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) | Subcutaneous injection; 3 weeks | Vehicle control ≤ 0.05% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Kawano et al., 2009 [39] |
MeOH extract of Eclipta alba | 62-day-old C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% propylene glycol (PG), 30% EtOH, and 20% water | Topical application; 10 days | Number of hair follicles; vehicle control < 1.6 mg extract < 3.2 mg extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Datta et al., 2009 [77] |
Extract of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves microbially biotransformed in cow urine | Male albino Wister rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a hair remover | Lotion | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control ≤ 10% extract ≤ 20% extract ≤ 30% extract ≅ 2% minoxidil | Murkute et al., 2010 [78] | |
Hot water extract of Polygonum multiflorum fermented with Lactobacillus sp. | 6-week-old C57BL6/N mice; dorsal hair shaving | Water containing Lactobacillus sp. | Topical application; 4 weeks | Vehicle control < 4.7 mg extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Park et al., 2011 [79] |
EtOH and aqueous extracts of Eucheuma cottonii | 10–12-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Oral administration; 15 days | Vehicle control < aqueous extract < honey < EtOH extract (100 mg kg−1) | Fard et al., 2011 [73] | |
Extract of Aconiti Ciliare tubers | 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% EtOH, 30% water, and 20% PG | Topical application; 35 days | Vehicle control < 2% minoxidil < 1% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Park et al., 2012 [40] |
Extract of Glycyrrhiza Glabra | Female Wistar albino rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Paraffin oil | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% minoxidil < 2% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Upadhyay et al., 2012 [80] |
Water extract of Trichosanthes cucumerina leaves | Wistar albino rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Water | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 0.03% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil | Sandhya et al., 2012 [81] | |
Extract of Chinese black tea (Camellia sinensis or Camellia taliensis) fermented with Aspergillus sp. | 6-week-old male C3H/He mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% PG, 30% EtOH, and 20% water | Topical application; 2 weeks | Vehicle control ≅ 0.05% capsaicin < 3.5% extract < 0.05% capsaicin plus 3.5% extract | Hou et al., 2013 [82] | |
Hot water extract of Thuja orientalis | 6-week-old male C57BL/6N mice; dorsal hair shaving | 48.25% PG, 1.75% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 50% water | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 1% minoxidil ≤ 30% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Zhang et al., 2013 [83] |
Extract from leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis | 7-week-old male C57BL/6NCrSlc mice; dorsal hair shaving and topical application of testosterone | 80% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Testosterone model < model with 2% extract ≤ control without testosterone | Murata et al., 2013 [84] | |
7-week-old male C3H/He mice; dorsal hair shaving | 80% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% extract ≤ 1% minoxidil | |||
Extract of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) | 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 10% EtOH | Topical application; 4 weeks | Vehicle control ≅ 3% ethyl acetate extract) < 3% supercritical CO2 extract < 3% lycopene-enriched extract ≤ 3% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Choi et al., 2013 [85] |
Supercritical CO2 extract from rice (Oryza sativa) brans | 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 10% EtOH | Topical application; 4 weeks | Vehicle control < 3% minoxidil ≅ 3% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Choi et al., 2014 [86] |
EtOH extract from florets of Carthamus tinctorius | 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% PG, 20% EtOH, and 30% water | Topical application; 15 days | Non-treated ≅ vehicle control ≤ 0.05 mg mL−1 extract ≤ 0.1 mg mL−1 minoxidil ≅ 0.1 mg mL−1 extract < 0.5 mg mL−1 extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Junlatat and Sripanidkulchai, 2014 [41] |
70% EtOH extract of Chrysanthemum zawadskii | 8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | 70% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 1.6 g kg−1 BuOH fraction < 0.6 g kg −1 water fraction | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Li et al., 2014 [87] |
Extract of Platycarya strobilacea | 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | DMSO | Topical application; 3 weeks | Vehicle control ≅ 0.1 % extract ≅ 5% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Kim et al., 2014 [42] |
Extract of Hibiscus syriacus leaves | 21-day-old albino rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Liquid paraffin | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 10% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Punasiya et al., 2014 [88] |
EtOH extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves | Male Sprague–Dawley rats; dorsal hair shaving | Solution | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil | Rozianoor et al., 2014 [89] | |
Extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) | 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Normal saline | Subcutaneous injection; 7 weeks | Vehicle control < 3% extract ≅ 0.5% minoxidil (topical) | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Park et al., 2015 [43] |
MeOH extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) and Polygonum multiflorum (PM) | 7-week-old male athymic BALB/c nude mice | 67% PG, 30% EtOH, and 3% DMSO | Topical application; 40 days | Vehicle control ≅ 10 mg PM extract per mouse < 10 mg CZ extract per mouse ≅ 2% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Begum et al., 2015 [90] |
Hot water extract of herbal mixture: Acorus calamus, Morus alba, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pinus densiflora, Sophora angustifolia, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Angelica gigas | 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Ointment base | Topical application; 18 days | Vehicle control < 5% minoxidil ≤ extract-containing ointment | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Park et al., 2015 [91] |
Extract of Rumex japonicus roots | 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 60% MeOH and 40% PBS | Topical application; 25 days | Vehicle control ≤ 0.4% extract ≤ 0.8% extract < 5% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Lee et al., 2016 [44] |
Water extract of oriental melon (Cucumis melo) leaves | 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline | Topical application; 28 days | Vehicle control < 0.3% extract ≅ 5% minoxidil | Pi et al., 2016 [70] | |
90% EtOH extract of Eclipta alba leaves | Wistar albino rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Water | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 10% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil | Mondal et al., 2016 [92] | |
DA-5512 formula (EtOH extract of herbal mixture: Thea sinensis, Emblica officinalis, Pinus densiflora, Pueraria thunbergiana, Tribulus terrestris, and Zingiber officinale) | 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | 30% EtOH | Topical application; 14 days | Vehicle control (30% EtOH) < 1% DA-5512 < 3% minoxidil ≅ 5% DA-5512 | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Yu et al., 2017 [45] |
MeOH extract of Geranium sibiricum | 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 1% DMSO | Topical application; 3 weeks | Vehicle control ≅ 0.1% extract ≅ 5% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] |
Extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves | Male albino mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | 65% water, 25% EtOH, and 10% butylene glycol | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 5% minoxidil ≤ 10% extract | Imtiaz et al., 2017 [93] | |
Water extract of Cinnamomum osmophloeum | 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a calcium thioglycolate solution | Water | Topical spraying; 30 days | Vehicle control < 20% extract ≤ 1% extract ≤ 0.5 mM minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Wen et al., 2018 [48] |
BuOH fraction of Perilla frutescens extract | 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair removal by applying a depilatory cream | 67% PG, 30% EtOH, and 3% DMSO | Topical application; 25 days | Vehicle control < 2.5% BuOH fraction ≅ 2.5% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Li et al., 2018 [71] |
7-week-old male C57BL/6NCrSlc mice; dorsal hair removal and topical application of testosterone or DHT | 70% EtOH | Topical application; 15 days | DHT model < testosterone model < DHT with 2 mg BuOH fraction ≤ testosterone with 2 mg BuOH fraction < control without hormones | ↑(telogen to anagen) | ||
Extract of Serenoa repens | 6–8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | DMSO | Oral administration; 5 weeks | DHT model < model with 50% extract < model with 0.01% finasteride | Zhu et al., 2018 [94] | |
Extract of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) | 12-week-old ovariectomized female Sprague–Dawley rats | AIN-93M diet | Feeding a diet containing 3% extract; 3 months | Number of hair shafts per follicular unit; ovariectomy control < ovariectomy plus 3% extract ≅ sham control without ovariectomy | Nanashima and Horie, 2019 [95] | |
60% EtOH extract of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds | 5–6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose | Oral administration; 23 days | Chronic restraint stress model < model with 5% minoxidil ≅ model with extract (80 mg kg−1) | Wang et al., 2019 [96] | |
70% EtOH extract of Camellia sinensis (CS) leaves and Hibiscus tilliaceus (HT) leaves | 7–8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Microemulsion | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 2.5% minoxidil ≤ 7.5% CS extract < 7.5% HT extract | Amin et al., 2019 [97] | |
EtOH extract of Angelica gigas | 6–7-week-old male C57/BL6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Topical application; 17 days | Vehicle control < 0.15% decursin ≅ 2% extract | Lee et al., 2020 [98] | |
MeOH extract of Salvia plebeian | 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | DMSO | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 0.1% extract ≅ 3% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] |
70% EtOH extract of Platycladus orientalis leaves | 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Topical application; 17 days | Vehicle control < 3% extract plus 1% α-terpineol | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Ahn et al., 2020 [99] |
The extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Sprague–Dawley rats; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Liquid paraffin | Topical application; 42 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract | Rose et al., 2020 [100] | |
96% EtOH extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves | Wistar albino rats; dorsal hair shaving | Liquid paraffin | Topical application; 25 days | Vehicle control < 2.5% extract < 5% extract < 10% extract | Putra et al., 2020 [101] | |
EtOH extract of Blumea eriantha | Male and female Swiss albino mice; dorsal hair shaving | Ag or Fe nanoparticles in 95% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% or 5% Fe nanoparticles ≤ 2% or 5% Ag nanoparticles ≤ 2% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Chavan et al., 2021 [102] |
n-Hexane fraction of the MeOH extract of Leea indica leaves | Male and female Swiss albino mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a surgical hair removal cream | 1% Tween 80 in water | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control ≤ 5% minoxidil (100 μL) ≤ 1% extract (10 μL) | Sakib et al., 2021 [103] | |
EtOH and water extracts of Punica granatum | Male and female Swiss Albino mice; dorsal hair shaving | 95% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% minoxidil ≤ 3% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Bhinge et al., 2021 [104] |
Extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, and Croton tiglium seeds | 6–8-month-old male Wistar rats; dorsal hair shaving | 80% EtOH, 10% PG, and 10% water | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 2% finasteride < 2% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Madhunithya et al., 2021 [105] |
50% MeOH extract of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seeds | 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | DMSO | Oral administration; 3 weeks | Vehicle control < 3% minoxidil < 0.1% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Park et al., 2021 [55] |
96% EtOH extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves and celery (Apium gravelens) leaves | Guinea pigs; dorsal hair shaving | Tonic | Topical application; 28 days | Vehicle control < hair tonic containing 2.5% green tea extract and 7.5% celery extract | Nursiyah et al., 2021 [106] | |
Extract of mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium) leaves | 4–5-month-old male New Zealand rabbits; dorsal hair shaving | Lotion | Topical application; 4 weeks | Vehicle control < 2% minoxidil < 10% extract | Rahmi et al., 2021 [107] | |
Extract of Pinus thunbergii barks | 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Topical application; 17 days | Vehicle control < 1% minoxidil (100 μL) < 2% extract ≅ 4% extract | Her et al., 2022 [108] | |
Extract of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) | 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% glycerol, 25% EtOH, and 25% water | Topical application; 14 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract < 5% minoxidil | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] |
EtOH extract of Blumea eriantha | Male and female albino mice; dorsal hair shaving | 95% EtOH | Topical application; 30 days | Control (normal saline) < 1% extract ≤ 1% minoxidil ≤ 3% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Bhinge et al., 2022 [109] |
60% EtOH extract of camellia (Camellia japonica) seed cakes | 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice; dorsal shaving and applying 6% Na2S solution | Water | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 10% extract < 5% minoxidil | Wang et al., 2022 [58] | |
Hot water extract of Lycopus lucidus | Female 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Diet | Oral feeding; 5 weeks | Control diet < diet supplemented with 0.01% extract | Lee et al., 2022 [59] | |
Hot water extract of mango (Mangifera Indica) leaves | 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | 82.5% water, 12.5% EtOH, and 0.05% jojoba oil | Topical application; 11 days | Vehicle control < 1% extract ≤ 0.3% minoxidil | Jung et al., 2022 [110] | |
96% EtOH extract of terentang (Campnosperma brevipetiolatum) stem barks | Male rabbits; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 0.5% extract < 1% extract < 5% extract ≤ 5% minoxidil | Gunawan et al., 2022 [111] | |
EtOH extract of sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tileaceus) leaves | Male guinea pigs; dorsal hair shaving | Tonic | Topical application; 3 weeks | Vehicle control < 30% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil | Leny et al., 2022 [112] | |
Cold vacuum extract of Notocactus ottonis | 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | 50% PG, 30% EtOH, and 20% water | Topical application; 27 days | Vehicle control < 10% extract ≤ 5% minoxidil | Shibato et al., 2023 [113] | |
EtOH extract of Terminalia bellirica fruits | 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving, applying a depilatory cream, and subcutaneous injection of testosterone | Water | Oral administration; 14 days | Testosterone model ≅ model with 2 mg kg−1 finasteride < model with 20 mg kg−1 extract ≅ model with 100 mg kg−1 extract < control without testosterone | Woo et al., 2023 [68] | |
50% EtOH extract of Cudrania tricuspidata and Sargassum fusiforme | 7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Water | Oral administration; 21 days | Vehicle control < 50 mg kg−1 extract < 60 μg kg−1 minoxidil | Rajan et al., 2023 [74] | |
Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 250 mg kg−1 minoxidil < 50 mg kg−1 extract | |||||
75% EtOH extract of Carica papaya leaves | Sprague–Dawley rats | Ointment base | Topical application; 30 days | Vehicle control < 2% minoxidil < 5% extract | Dangi et al., 2023 [114] | |
96% EtOH extract of Capsicum frutescens leaves | Male rabbits; dorsal hair shaving and applying a depilatory cream | Tonic | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 20% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil | Tendri Adjeng et al., 2023 [115] | |
70% EtOH extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves | White rabbits; dorsal hair shaving | Cream | Topical application; 21 days | Vehicle control < 20% extract ≤ a minoxidil product | Lailiyah, 2023 [116] | |
Extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaves | 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice; dorsal hair shaving | Water | Topical application; 28 days | Vehicle control ≅ 0.5% extract ≤ 2% minoxidil < 1% extract ≅ 2% extract | ↑(telogen to anagen) | Liu et al., 2024 [64] |
Study Format and Subjects | Plant Extracts | Formulas | Treatments | Outcomes | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on 44 subjects with male or female pattern alopecia (aged 18 to 60 years) | Extract from Thuja occidentalis seeds | A shampoo containing 0.17% extract | Topical application; twice daily for 16 weeks | The shampoo increased total hair count compared to the placebo group. | Baek et al., 2011 [118] |
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on 50 women subjects (aged 18 years or over) | Extract from barks of Stryphnodendron adstringens | A cream containing 6.0% extract | Topical application; twice daily for 6 months | The cream reduced terminal hair growth. | Vicente et al., 2009 [120] |
Double-blind, randomized, controlled single-center trial on 50 alopecia patients including 22 women and 28 men (aged 18 years or over, 42.0 ± 11.37 years) | Supercritical CO2 extract of brans of Oryza sativa | A tonic containing 0.5% extract | Topical application; twice a day for 16 weeks | The tonic increased hair diameter and the density of hairs per skin area in male subjects. | Choi et al., 2015 [121] |
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial on 23 subjects with mild alopecia (aged 20 to 60 years) | DA-5512 formula (EtOH extract of herbal mixture: Thea sinensis, Emblica officinalis, Pinus densiflora, Pueraria thunbergiana, Tribulus terrestris, and Zingiber officinale) | A solution | Topical application on the shaved head skin twice daily for 16 weeks | Hair density, hair shaft diameter, and hair growth rate; placebo (n = 8) < 5% DA-5512 (n = 8) ≅ 3% minoxidil (n = 7). | Yu et al., 2017 [45] |
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 30 women (aged 20 to 52 years) | n-Hexane extract of Curcuma aeruginosa | A lotion containing 5% extract | Topical application; twice daily for 12 weeks | The lotion reduced the growth rates of axillary hairs. | Srivilai et al., 2018 [122] |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, clinical study on 120 subjects with androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium (aged 20 to 55 years, 36.9 ± 9.8 years) | A mixture of herbal extracts: Urtica urens, Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, Achillea millefolium, Ceratonia siliqua, and Equisetum arvense. | A shampoo and a solution | Topical application of active shampoo (3 to 4 min), 3 times a week, and/or active solution (4 to 6 h) daily for 6 months | Effectiveness in preventing and reducing hair loss; placebo shampoo plus placebo solution (n = 30) < active shampoo (n = 30) ≤ active solution (n = 30) ≤ active shampoo plus active solution (n = 30). | Pekmezci et al., 2018 [123] |
Double-blind, randomized controlled study on 47 subjects including male and female patients with androgenic alopecia (aged 18 to 54 years) | Extracts of Inula helenium (IH) roots and Caesalpinia sappan (CS) barks | A shampoo containing 0.3% IH root extract and 0.1% CS bark extract | Topical application twice daily for 24 weeks | The treatment group (n = 23) showed a higher hair density and total hair count than the placebo group (n = 24). | Choi et al., 2019 [124] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 72 patients with mild to moderate vertex balding (aged 37 to 54 years, 46.6 ± 8.5 years) | Extract of Centipeda minima | A tonic | Topical application daily for 24 weeks | The treatment group (n = 34) showed a higher hair count than the placebo group (n= 32). | Kim et al., 2020 [125] |
Double-blind, randomized controlled study on 46 male subjects (aged 20 to 55 years) | Extract of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) | A lotion containing 2% extract | Topical application twice daily for 6 months | The treatment group (n = 23) showed a higher hair thickness and hair density than the placebo group (n = 23). | Hashimoto et al., 2022 [72] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on 50 subjects including 7 males and 43 females (aged 20 years or over) | Water extract of banana (Musa paradisiaca) flowers | A sachet containing 16% extract | Oral administration daily for 12 weeks | The sachet uptake increased the hair root diameter and reduced hair loss and scalp redness compared to the placebo group. | Liang et al., 2023 [62] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on 88 subjects including 34 males and 54 females (aged 19 to 60 years, 38.52 ± 7.98 years) | Extract of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, and sophora (Sophora Japonica) fruits | A tablet containing 30% extract | Oral administration twice daily for 24 weeks | The treatment group (n = 44) showed a higher hair density and hair diameter compared with the placebo group (n = 44). | Ham et al., 2023 [126] |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on 42 subjects including male and female patients with androgenetic alopecia (aged 18 to 54 years, 46.096 ± 6.60 years) | EtOH extract from flowers of Silybum marianum | A shampoo containing 0.05% extract | Topical application; once a day for 24 weeks | The shampoo increased the hair density and total hair count compared with those in the placebo group. | You et al., 2024 [65] |
Plant Extracts | Main Phytochemical Components and Active Compounds | Literature |
---|---|---|
Acetone extract of Boehmeria nipononivea | α-Linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, elaidic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid | Shimizu et al., 2000 [75] |
MeOH extract of Eclipta alba | Coumestans (e.g., Wedelolactone), flavonoids, triterpenoid glycosides, triterpenoid saponins, and thiophene derivatives | Datta et al., 2009 [77] |
Hot water extract of Thuja orientalis | Kaempferol and isoquercetin | Zhang et al., 2013 [83] |
Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis leaves | 12-Methoxycarnosic acid (a diterpenoid) | Murata et al., 2013 [84] |
Extract of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) | all-trans-Lycopene and 5-cis-lycopene | Choi et al., 2013 [85] |
Supercritical CO2 extract of rice (Oryza sativa) brans | Linoleic acid, policosanol, γ-oryzanol, and γ-tocotrienol | Choi et al., 2014 [86] |
50% EtOH extract of Carthamus tinctorius florets | Hydroxysafflor yellow A (a chalcone glycoside) | Junlatat and Sripanidkulchai, 2014 [41] |
EtOH extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves | Genipin, phytol, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and tridecanoic acid | Rozianoor et al., 2014 [89] |
Extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) | Ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg3 | Park et al., 2015 [43] |
Hot water extract of an herbal mixture: Acorus calamus, Morus alba, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pinus densiflora, Sophora angustifolia, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Angelica giga | Asarone and p-coumaric acid | Park et al., 2015 [91] |
MeOH extract of Geranium sibiricum | Corilagin and gallic acid | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] |
Water extract of Cinnamomum osmophloeum | Cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamic acid | Wen et al., 2018 [48] |
BuOH fraction of Perilla frutescens extract | Rosmarinic acid | Li et al., 2018 [71] |
n-Hexane extract of Curcuma aeruginosa | Germacrone and other sesquiterpenoids (e.g., dehydrocurdione, zederone, cucumenone, curcumenol, and furanodiene) | Srivilai et al., 2018 [122] |
A mixture of herbal extracts: Urtica urens, Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, Achillea millefolium, Ceratonia siliqua, and Equisetum arvense | Kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin | Pekmezci et al., 2018 [123] |
Extracts of Inula helenium (IH) roots and Caesalpinia sappan (CS) barks | Costunolide (from IH) and 3-deoxysappanchalcone (from CS) | Choi et al., 2019 [124] |
Extract of Centipeda minima | Brevilin A and other sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., arnicolide C, arnicolide D, and microhelenin C) | Kim et al., 2020 [125] |
EtOH extract of Angelica gigas | Decursin and decursinol angelate | Lee et al., 2020 [98] |
n-Hexane fraction of the MeOH extract of Leea indica leaves | Phthalic acid, palmitic acid, n-octadecane, n-eicosane, n-heptadecane, and farnesol | Sakib et al., 2021 [103] |
EtOH and water extract of Punica granatum | Volatile compounds (e.g., maltol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) | Bhinge et al., 2021 [104] |
MeOH extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) | Rosmarinic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] |
Extract of Brassica oleracea | Sulforaphane and glucoraphanin (a glucosinolate of sulforaphane) | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] |
EtOH extract of Blumea eriantha | Dimethyl sulfone | Bhinge et al., 2022 [109] |
60% EtOH extract of seed cakes of Camellia japonica | Kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-[2-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside | Ma et al., 2022 [67] |
Hot water extract of Lycopus lucidus | Rosmarinic acid | Lee et al., 2022 [59] |
70% EtOH extract of fruit shells of Camellia japonica | Protocatechuic acid gallic acid | You et al., 2023 [61] |
Extract of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, and sophora (Sophora Japonica) fruits | Tannic acids (from persimmon), (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (from green tea), and sophoricoside (from sophora) | Ham et al., 2023 [126] |
Extract of Panax ginseng | Ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Re | Iwabuchi et al., 2024 [63] |
70% EtOH extract of flowers of Silybum marianum | Apigenin | You et al., 2024 [65] |
Plant Extract Sources | Model | Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Senescence Effects | Literature |
---|---|---|---|
Platycarya strobilacea | In vitro | The extract had 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity. | Kim et al., 2014 [42] |
Geranium sibiricum | In vitro | The extract had a DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] |
Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Houttuynia cordata, Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Citrus unshiu, Zizyphus jujuba, Perilla frutescens, Camellia sinensis, and Cynanchum wilfordii | Mast cell-1 | The extract suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in cells stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187. | Kang et al., 2019 [50] |
Angelica gigas | Male C57/BL6 mice | The extract reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, in the dorsal skin. | Lee et al., 2020 [98] |
Leea indica | In silico | Molecular docking analysis identified some phytochemicals, such as including phthalic acid, that showed high ligand efficiencies towards prostaglandin D2 synthase. | Sakib et al., 2021 [103] |
Euterpe oleracea, Olea europea, Tabebuia impetiginosa, and Coffea Arabica | HFDPCs | The extract enhanced the viability of cells exposed to 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) radical. | Serruya and Maor, 2021 [54] |
Nelumbo nucifera | In vitro | The extract had a DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. | Park et al., 2021 [55] |
Pinus thunbergii | Male C57/BL6 mice | The extract reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, in the dorsal skin. | Her et al., 2022 [108] |
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | The extract suppressed the production of IL-6 and IL-1α in cells stimulated with DHT. It also reduced the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in DHT-treated cells. | Ma et al., 2022 [67] |
Lycopus lucidus | HFDPCs | The extract reduced IL-1β levels in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). | Lee et al., 2022 [59] |
Camellia japonica | In vitro | The extract had DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. | You et al., 2023 [61] |
HFDPCs | The extract reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhanced the viability of cells exposed to H2O2. It reduced SA-β-gal expression in cells exposed to H2O2. | ||
Musa paradisiaca | HFDPCs | The extract reduced intracellular ROS levels exposed to H2O2. | Liang et al., 2023 [62] |
Coffea arabica | In vitro | The extract had 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical and DPPH radical-scavenging capacities. | Muangsanguan et al., 2023 [135] |
Silybum marianum | HFDPCs | The extract reduced intracellular ROS levels and enhanced the viability of cells exposed to H2O2. It reduced the expression of SA-β-gal and IL-6 in senescent cells and young cells exposed to H2O2. | You et al., 2024 [65] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | BCL-2 | BAX | BAD | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rumex japonicus | HFDPCs | ↑(protein) | ↓(protein) | Lee et al., 2016 [44] | |
Serenoa repens | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | ↓(protein) | Zhu et al., 2018 [94] | |
Houttuynia cordata | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) ↑(protein) | ↓(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | Kim et al., 2019 [49] |
Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Houttuynia cordata, Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Citrus unshiu, Zizyphus jujuba, Perilla frutescens, Camellia sinensis, and Cynanchum wilfordii | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) ↓(protein) | Kang et al., 2019 [50] | ||
Polygonum multiflorum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | Shin et al., 2020 [51] | |
Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | ↑(protein) | =(protein) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] | |
Brassica oleracea | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] | |
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) ↑(protein) | ↓(mRNA) | Ma et al., 2022 [67] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | Testosterone | Androgen Receptor | Steroid 5α-Reductase Type II | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sophora flavescens | In vitro | ↓(activity) | Roh et al., 2002 [76] | ||
Nicotiana tabacum | Male albino Wister rats | ↓(protein) | Murkute et al., 2010 [78] | ||
Rosmarinus officinalis | In vitro | ↓(activity) | Murata et al., 2013 [84] | ||
Panax ginseng | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Park et al., 2015 [43] | ||
Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Houttuynia cordata, Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Citrus unshiu, Zizyphus jujuba, Perilla frutescens, Camellia sinensis, and Cynanchum wilfordii | HFDPCs | ↓(protein) | Kang et al., 2019 [50] | ||
Polygonum multiflorum | HFDPCs | ↓(protein) | Shin et al., 2020 [51] | ||
Plumbago zeylanica | HFDPCs | ↓(protein) | Yamada et al., 2020 [53] | ||
Allium ascalonicum | Prostate cancer cell line Du-145 | ↓(mRNA) | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] | ||
Mangifera indica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Jung et al., 2022 [110] | ||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | Ma et al., 2022 [67] | |
In vitro | ↓(activity) | You et al., 2023 [61] | |||
Musa paradisiaca | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | Liang et al., 2023 [62] | |
Coffea arabica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Muangsanguan et al., 2023 [135] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | CDKs | p16 INK4 | p53 | Cell Cycle Phase | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erica multiflora | HFDPCs | ↓(G0/G1), =(S), ↑(G2/M) | Kawano et al., 2009 [39] | |||
Houttuynia cordata | HFDPCs | =(mRNA, CDK1 and CDK2), ↑(mRNA, CDK4) | ↓(protein) | =(mRNA) | Kim et al., 2019 [49] | |
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Ma et al., 2022 [67] | |||
HFDPCs | ↓(G0/G1), ↑(S), ↑(G2/M) | Wang et al., 2022 [58] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | IGF-1 | VEGF | HGF | KGF (FGF-7) | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sophora flavescens | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Roh et al., 2002 [76] |
Asiasarum heterotropoides | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | Rho et al., 2005 [38] |
Eclipta alba | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | Datta et al., 2009 [77] | |||
Lycopersicon esculentum | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Choi et al., 2013 [85] | |
Oryza sativa | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Choi et al., 2014 [86] | |
Carthamus tinctorius | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Junlatat and Sripanidkulchai, 2014 [41] | ||
Platycarya strobilacea | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | Kim et al., 2014 [42] | ||
Panax ginseng | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | Park et al., 2015 [43] | |
Acorus calamus, Morus alba, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pinus densiflora, Sophora angustifolia, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Angelica gigas | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Park et al., 2015 [91] | ||
Geranium sibiricum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] | ||
C57BL/6 mice | ↓(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | ||||
Biota orientalis, Eclipta thermalis, Sophora angustifolia, Cnidium monnieri, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Panax notoginseng | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Zeng et al., 2017 [148] | ||
Cinnamomum osmophloeum | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | =(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Wen et al., 2018 [48] |
Houttuynia cordata | HFDPCs | =(protein) | ↑(protein) | =(protein) | Kim et al., 2019 [49] | |
Polygonum multiflorum | HFDPCs | ↑(protein) | Shin et al., 2020 [51] | |||
Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] | |||
Platycladus orientalis | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | ↑(protein) | Ahn et al., 2020 [99] | ||
Nelumbo nucifera | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Park et al., 2021 [55] | ||
Centipeda minima | HFDPCs | ↑(protein) | ↑(mRNA) ↑(protein) | Kim et al., 2021 [149] | ||
Brassica oleracea | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↓(mRNA) | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] | |
Pinus thunbergii | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | ↑(protein) | Her et al., 2022 [108] | ||
Eremochloa ophiuroides | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] | ||
Allium ascalonicum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] | |||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Wang et al., 2022 [58] | |
Lycopus lucidus | HFDPCs | ↑(protein) =(mRNA) | Lee et al., 2022 [59] | |||
C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | ↑(protein) | ||||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) ↓(protein) | You et al., 2023 [61] | |||
Coffea arabica | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | Muangsanguan et al., 2023 [135] | |||
Cudrania tricuspidata and Sargassum fusiforme | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(mRNA) | Rajan et al., 2023 [74] | |||
Silybum marianum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(protein) | ↑(mRNA) | You et al., 2024 [65] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | AKT | ERK | JNK | p38 MAPK | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panax ginseng | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | Park et al., 2015 [43] | ||
Rumex japonicus | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | =(phospho) | =(phospho) | Lee et al., 2016 [44] |
Houttuynia cordata | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | Kim et al., 2019 [49] | ||
Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] | ||
Euterpe oleracea, Olea europea, Tabebuia impetiginosa, and Coffea Arabica | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | Serruya and Maor, 2021 [54] | |||
Eremochloa ophiuroides | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] | |||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | Wang et al., 2022 [58] | ||
Centipeda minima | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(phospho) | ↓(phospho) | Kim et al., 2021 [149] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | WNTs | DKK1 | GSK3β | β-Catenin | LEF1 | c-Myc | Cyclin D1 | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polygonum multiflorum | C57BL6/N | ↑(protein) | Park et al., 2011 [79] | ||||||
Aconiti Ciliare | iDPCs | ↑(protein) | Park et al., 2012 [40] | ||||||
Thuja orientalis | C57BL/6N mice | ↑(protein) | Zhang et al., 2013 [83] | ||||||
Rumex japonicus | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(protein) | Lee et al., 2016 [44] | |||||
Polygonum multiflorum | HFDPCs | ↓(protein) | Shin et al., 2020 [51] | ||||||
Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↓(phospho) ↑(protein) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] | |||||
Platycladus orientalis | C57BL/6 mice | WNT3 ↑(protein) | ↑(protein) | Ahn et al., 2020 [99] | |||||
Centipeda minima | HFDPCs | WNT5a ↑(mRNA) | ↑(phospho) | ↑(protein) | Kim et al., 2021 [149] | ||||
Brassica oleracea | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] | ||||||
Eremochloa ophiuroides | HFDPCs | ↑(phospho) | ↑(protein) | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] | |||||
Allium ascalonicum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] | ||||||
Mangifera indica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Jung et al., 2022 [110] | |||||
Nasturtium officinale | Human hair follicles | ↓(protein) | Hashimoto et al., 2022 [72] | ||||||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | WNT1 ↑(mRNA) | ↓(protein) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | You et al., 2023 [61] | |||
Terminalia bellirica | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | ↑(protein) | Woo et al., 2023 [68] | |||||
Cudrania tricuspidata and Sargassum fusiforme | C57BL/6 mice | WNT5a, WNT7b ↑(mRNA) | Rajan et al., 2023 [74] | ||||||
Gynostemma pentaphyllum | HFDPCs | WNT5a ↑(mRNA) ↑(protein) | ↓(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) ↑(protein) | ↑(mRNA) | Liu et al., 2024 [64] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | SHH | SMO | GLI1 | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eclipta alba | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | Datta et al., 2009 [77] | ||
Polygonum multiflorum | C57BL6/N | ↑(protein) | Park et al., 2011 [79] | ||
Thuja orientalis | C57BL/6N mice | ↑(protein) | Zhang et al., 2013 [83] | ||
Eremochloa ophiuroides | C57BL/6 mice | ↑(protein) | Ramadhani et al., 2022 [56] | ||
Allium ascalonicum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Ruksiriwanich et al., 2022 [57] |
Coffea arabica | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | ↑(mRNA) | Muangsanguan et al., 2023 [135] |
Plant Extract Sources | Models | TGF-β1 | TGF-β2 | BMP4 | SMAD2 | SMAD3 | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asiasarum heterotropoides | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | Rho et al., 2005 [38] | ||||
Eclipta alba | C57BL/6 mice | ↓(protein) | Datta et al., 2009 [77] | ||||
Lycopersicon esculentum | C57BL/6 mice | =(mRNA) | Choi et al., 2013 [85] | ||||
Oryza sativa | C57BL/6 mice | ↓(mRNA) | Choi et al., 2014 [86] | ||||
Carthamus tinctorius | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Junlatat and Sripanidkulchai, 2014 [41] | ||||
Platycarya strobilacea | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | Kim et al., 2014 [42] | ||||
Geranium sibiricum | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | Boisvert et al., 2017 [46] | ||||
C57BL/6 mice | ↓(mRNA) | ||||||
Cinnamomum osmophloeum | HFDPCs | ↑(mRNA) | Wen et al., 2018 [48] | ||||
Serenoa repens | C57BL/6 mice | ↓(protein) | Zhu et al., 2018 [94] | ||||
Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Houttuynia cordata, Lycium chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Citrus unshiu, Zizyphus jujuba, Perilla frutescens, Camellia sinensis, and Cynanchum wilfordii | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Kang et al., 2019 [50] | ||||
Salvia plebeia | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | ↓(protein) | ↓(protein) | Jin et al., 2020 [52] | ||
Euterpe oleracea, Olea europea, Tabebuia impetiginosa, and Coffea Arabica | HFDPCs | ↓(protein) | Serruya and Maor, 2021 [54] | ||||
Nelumbo nucifera | C57BL/6 mice | ↓(mRNA) | Park et al., 2021 [55] | ||||
Brassica oleracea | HFDPCs | =(mRNA) | Luo and Zhang, 2022 [66] | ||||
Camellia japonica | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | Wang et al., 2022 [58] | ||||
Acorus calamus, Morus alba, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pinus densiflora, Sophora angustifolia, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Angelica gigas | C57BL/6 mice | ↓(mRNA) | Muangsanguan et al., 2023 [135] | ||||
Panax ginseng | ↓(mRNA) | Iwabuchi et al., 2024 [63] | |||||
Gynostemma pentaphyllum | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) ↓(protein) | Liu et al., 2024 [64] | ||||
Silybum marianum | HFDPCs | ↓(mRNA) | You et al., 2024 [65] |
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Choi, J.Y.; Boo, M.Y.; Boo, Y.C. Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets. Molecules 2024, 29, 2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102288
Choi JY, Boo MY, Boo YC. Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets. Molecules. 2024; 29(10):2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102288
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Joon Yong, Min Young Boo, and Yong Chool Boo. 2024. "Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets" Molecules 29, no. 10: 2288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102288