Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering from a Blend of Polyethersulfone and Polyurethane Polymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morphology Characterization of the Membranes before Degradation
2.2. Degradation Studies
2.2.1. SEM Imaging and pH Measurement during and after Degradation
2.2.2. Weight Loss during Degradation
2.3. Estimate of Pores in Scaffolds by Computer Analysis of SEM Images
2.3.1. Pore Distributions and the Total Aera of Pores for Scaffolds before Degradation
2.3.2. Total Area of Pores after Degradation
2.4. Porosity of Membranes
2.5. Wettability of Membranes
2.5.1. Swelling Ratio
2.5.2. Contact Angle
2.6. Mechanical Properties
2.7. FT-IR Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of the Reference Membranes M1 and M2
- M1: The PES polymer was dissolved in DMF and DMSO (mixed in a ratio of 1:1) to obtain 8.6 wt.% concentration. Then, the 2.5 wt.% PVP 10 kDa and 2.5 wt.% Pluronic F127 were added with constant stirring at room temperature until a solution was achieved.
- M2: The PUR polymer was dissolved in DMF and DMSO (mixed in a ratio of 1:1) to obtain 8.6 wt.% concentration. Then, the 2.5 wt.% PVP 10 kDa and 2.5 wt.% Pluronic F127 were added with constant stirring at room temperature until a solution was achieved.
3.3. Preparation of the PUR-PES Scaffolds M3–M5 Using Gelatin Nonwoven
3.4. SEM Observation
3.5. Estimate of Pores in Scaffolds by MeMoExplorer™ Software
3.6. Degradation of Scaffolds
3.7. Porosity of Membranes
3.8. Swelling Ratio
3.9. Contact Angle Measurement
3.10. Mechanical Property
3.11. FT-IR
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fluid | SBF | HBSS | NaOH | |||||||||||||
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Membranes | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | |
Initial pH | 7.31 | 7.54 | 13.50 | |||||||||||||
Average pH after 2 weeks | 7.42 | 7.47 | 7.67 | 7.05 | 7.30 | 7.39 | 7.26 | 7.10 | 7.58 | 6.98 | 13.80 | 13.89 | 13.99 | 13.78 | 13.84 | |
Average pH after 4 weeks | 7.68 | 7.66 | 7.35 | 7.47 | 7.50 | 7.37 | 7.49 | 6.87 | 7.24 | 7.84 | 13.52 | 13.47 | 13.77 | 13.57 | 13.45 |
Scaffold | Difference in HBSS Medium [%] | Difference in SBF Medium [%] |
---|---|---|
M3 CS | 11.47 | 10.84 |
M3 TL | 1.01 | 1.23 |
M4 CS | 18.89 | 5.80 |
M4 TL | 17.36 | 4.33 |
M5 CS | 8.06 | 15.75 |
M5 TL | 0.89 | 13.10 |
Scaffold | Total Area of Pores > 300 µm2 before and after Degradation | ||
---|---|---|---|
Before Degradation | After Degradation in HBSS | After Degradation in SBF | |
M3 CS | 17.08 ± 5.61 | 32.11 ± 9.11 | 31.39 ± 6.26 |
M4 CS | 20.66 ± 11.22 | 44.75 ± 10.46 | 24.82 ± 13.68 |
M5 CS | 16.51 ± 7.72 | 27.33 ± 7.72 | 36.50 ± 9.12 |
Scaffold | PES:PUR Weight Ratios |
---|---|
M3 | 1:1 |
M4 | 2:1 |
M5 | 1:2 |
j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size µm2 | 0–3 | 3–8 | 8–20 | 20–80 | 80–100 | 100–150 | 150–300 | >300 |
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Wasyłeczko, M.; Remiszewska, E.; Sikorska, W.; Dulnik, J.; Chwojnowski, A. Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering from a Blend of Polyethersulfone and Polyurethane Polymers. Molecules 2023, 28, 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073195
Wasyłeczko M, Remiszewska E, Sikorska W, Dulnik J, Chwojnowski A. Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering from a Blend of Polyethersulfone and Polyurethane Polymers. Molecules. 2023; 28(7):3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073195
Chicago/Turabian StyleWasyłeczko, Monika, Elżbieta Remiszewska, Wioleta Sikorska, Judyta Dulnik, and Andrzej Chwojnowski. 2023. "Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering from a Blend of Polyethersulfone and Polyurethane Polymers" Molecules 28, no. 7: 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073195