Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Method
3.2.1. Foam Synthesis
3.2.2. Bulk Density
3.2.3. Cell Dimensions and Orthotropicity
3.2.4. Thermal Conductivity
3.2.5. Compression Strength
3.2.6. Acid Recovery and Leaching
3.2.7. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy
3.2.8. 13C-NMR Solid State
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tannin Type | Surfactant [%] | Density [kg/m3] | Cell Ø [µm] | Orthotropicity | Comp. Strength σc [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimosa | 1 | 225.5 (10) | 129 (64) | 1.17 (0.09) | 2.250 (0.218) |
5 | 175.4 (12.2) | 162 (99) | 1.19 (0.12) | 1.334 (0.255) | |
10 | 143.3 (5.3) | 178 (113) | 1.22 (0.13) | 0.734 (0.112) | |
Quebracho | 5 | 370.8 (26.7) | 60 (28) | 1.17 (0.09) | 4.060 (0.687) |
10 | 244.1 (18.2) | 117 (72) | 1.14 (0.08) | 1.214 (0.276) | |
Chestnut | 5 | 271.6 (7.6) | 103 (44) | 1.11 (0.07) | 1.239 (0.143) |
10 | 258.4 (6.8) | 105 (58) | 1.14 (0.09) | 1.019 (0.083) |
Foam Formulation | Compression Resistance [MPa] | Density [kg/m3] | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mimosa-FOH-CH2O | 1.04 | 136 | [46] |
1.38 | 161 | ||
3.97 | 306 | ||
Pine-FOH-CH2O | 1.03 | 140 | [10] |
1.75 | 190 | ||
Mimosa-FOH | 0.15 | 140 | [45] |
0.5 | 200 | ||
Mimosa-NIPU | 0.15 | 150 | [7] |
0.57 | 260 | ||
Chestnut-NIPU | 0.91 | 350 | [33] |
Tannin acid-FOH | 0.1 | 150 | [35] |
Quebracho-FOH-CH2O | 0.24 | 90 | [47] |
Tannin-Type | Tannin [%] | FOH [%] | DEG [%] | H2O [%] | H2SO4 [%] | Tween80 [%] | S/T-F [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimosa, Quebracho, Chestnut | 37.93 | 23.52 | 11.38 | 11.38 | 15.17 | 0.61 | 1 |
37.02 | 22.95 | 11.11 | 11.11 | 14.81 | 3.00 | 5 | |
35.95 | 22.29 | 10.78 | 10.78 | 14.38 | 5.82 | 10 |
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Eckardt, J.; Sepperer, T.; Cesprini, E.; Šket, P.; Tondi, G. Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules 2023, 28, 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062799
Eckardt J, Sepperer T, Cesprini E, Šket P, Tondi G. Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062799
Chicago/Turabian StyleEckardt, Jonas, Thomas Sepperer, Emanuele Cesprini, Primož Šket, and Gianluca Tondi. 2023. "Comparing Condensed and Hydrolysable Tannins for Mechanical Foaming of Furanic Foams: Synthesis and Characterization" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062799