The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Induction of Inflammation with LPS
2.1.1. Upregulation of Cytokines as Shown by qRT-PCR
2.1.2. Changes in Cytokines Revealed by Western Blot
2.2. Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment with Psilocybin and Eugenol
2.2.1. Body Weight Measurements
2.2.2. RT-qPCR Analysis of Cytokines in Pre- and Post-Treatment Animals
2.2.3. Protein Analysis of Pre- and Post-Treatment Groups by Western Blot
2.2.4. Cytokines in Pre- and Post-Treatment Groups Measured by ELISA
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Animal Handling
4.3. Chemicals and Apparatus
- Control—vehicle;
- Psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg);
- Eugenol (17.6 mg/kg);
- Psilocybin + eugenol (1:20; 0.88 mg/kg psilocybin and 17.59 mg/kg eugenol);
- LPS (0.83 mg/kg);
- Psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg) + LPS;
- Eugenol (17.6 mg/kg) + LPS;
- Psilocybin + eugenol (1:10; 0.88 mg/kg psilocybin and 8.8 mg/kg eugenol) + LPS;
- Psilocybin + eugenol (1:20; 0.88 mg/kg psilocybin and 17.6 mg/kg eugenol) + LPS;
- Psilocybin + eugenol (1:50; 0.88 mg/kg psilocybin and 44.0 mg/kg eugenol) + LPS.
- Vehicle;
- LPS (0.83 mg/kg);
- LPS + psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg);
- LPS + eugenol (17.6 mg/kg);
- LPS + psilocybin + eugenol (1:10);
- LPS + psilocybin + eugenol (1:20);
- LPS + psilocybin + eugenol (1:50).
- NanoDrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA).
- ECL Prime Western Blotting System (Cat No. GERPN2232, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA).
- TRIzol® Reagent (Cat No. 15596018, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
- FluorChem HD2 Imaging System (Cell Biosciences, Santa Clara, CA, USA).
- iScriptTM Select cDNA synthesis kit (Cat No. 1708897, BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
- SsoFastTM EvaGreen® Supermix (Cat No. 1725202, BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
- C1000TM Thermal Cycler equipped with a CFX96 Touch™ Real-Time PCR Detection System (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).
4.4. Protein Extraction and Quantification
4.5. Western Immunoblotting
4.6. RNA Isolation
4.7. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
4.8. Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA)
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Zanikov, T.; Gerasymchuk, M.; Ghasemi Gojani, E.; Robinson, G.I.; Asghari, S.; Groves, A.; Haselhorst, L.; Nandakumar, S.; Stahl, C.; Cameron, M.; et al. The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice. Molecules 2023, 28, 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624
Zanikov T, Gerasymchuk M, Ghasemi Gojani E, Robinson GI, Asghari S, Groves A, Haselhorst L, Nandakumar S, Stahl C, Cameron M, et al. The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624
Chicago/Turabian StyleZanikov, Timur, Marta Gerasymchuk, Esmaeel Ghasemi Gojani, Gregory Ian Robinson, Shima Asghari, Alyssa Groves, Lucie Haselhorst, Sanjana Nandakumar, Cora Stahl, Mackenzie Cameron, and et al. 2023. "The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062624