A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Release Rates of the Tested Volatile Compounds
2.1.1. Monitoring the Mass Change in the Volatile Compounds in the Slow-Release Dispensers
2.1.2. HS-GC/FID Analysis of Volatile Compounds
2.2. Field Bioassay: Olive Fruit Fly Attraction to OFF-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds in an Olive Grove
2.3. The Influence of Climatic Parameters on the Attraction of the Olive Fruit Fly
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Synthetic Volatile Compounds
3.2. Slow-Release Dispensers
3.3. Experiment Design
Monitoring of the Release Rate of the Tested Volatile Compounds: Experiment 1
3.4. Field Bioassay: Experiment 2
Olive Fruit Flies Trapping
3.5. HS-GC/FID Analysis
3.6. Data Analysis
3.6.1. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
3.6.2. Mann–Whitney U Test
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compound | Chemical Structure | Molecular Formula | Density (g/cm3) | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isoamyl alcohol | C5H12O | 0.810 | 88.15 | Primary ALCOHOL | |
2-Octanone | C8H16O | 0.820 | 128.21 | Methyl KETONE | |
2-Phenethyl acetate | C10H12O2 | 1.032 | 164.20 | Acetate ESTER | |
n-Hexane | C6H14 | 0.655 | 86.18 | Straight-chain ALKANE |
Tested Volatile | Room Conditions | Environmental Chamber Conditions | Field Conditions |
---|---|---|---|
Isoamyl alcohol | r = 0.2605 | r = 0.4418 | r = 0.2739 |
p = 0.2814 | p = 0.0582 | p = 0.2565 | |
2-Octanone | r = 0.3446 | r = 0.5139 | r = 0.3149 |
p = 0.1485 | p = 0.0244 | p = 0.1891 | |
2-Phenethyl acetate | r = 0.557 | r = 0.647 | r = 0.5774 |
p = 0.0133 | p = 0.0026 | p = 0.0096 | |
n-Hexane | r = 0.6923 | r = 0.7141 | r = 0.7179 |
p = 0.0010 | p = 0.0059 | p = 0.0005 |
Climatic Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Conditions | Volatile Compound | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Air Pressure (hPa) | Precipitation (mm) | Cloud Cover (okta) | Wind (Bf) |
Room conditions | Isoamyl alcohol | r = −0.3727 | r = 0.2845 | r = 0.346 | Not analyzed | ||
p = 0.1560 | p = 0.2855 | p = 0.1893 | |||||
2-Octanone | r = −0.399 | r = 0.3299 | r = 0.3295 | Not analyzed | |||
p = 0.1258 | p = 0.2121 | p = 0.2127 | |||||
2-Phenethyl acetate | r = −0.8269 | r = 0.3378 | r = 0.2646 | Not analyzed | |||
p = 0.0001 | p = 0.2007 | p = 0.3225 | |||||
Environmental chamber conditions | Isoamyl alcohol | r = −0.2906 | r = 0.1582 | r = 0.2887 | Not analyzed | ||
p = 0.2759 | p = 0.5584 | p = 0.2872 | |||||
2-Octanone | r = −0.3201 | r = 0.3678 | r = 0.3738 | Not analyzed | |||
p = 0.2269 | p = 0.1610 | p = 0.1538 | |||||
2-Phenethyl acetate | r = −0.6483 | r = 0.384 | r = 0.3606 | Not analyzed | |||
p = 0.0066 | p = 0.1420 | p = 0.1700 | |||||
Field conditions | Isoamyl alcohol | r = −0.4246 | r = 0.2665 | r = 0.2773 | r = −0.1217 | r = −0.2321 | r = −0.2569 |
p = 0.1152 | p = 0.3184 | p = 0.3170 | p = 0.6553 | p = 0.3873 | p = 0.3386 | ||
2-Octanone | r = −0.4253 | r = 0.3713 | r = 0.2638 | r = −0.0604 | r = −0.2403 | r = −0.2679 | |
p = 0.1108 | p = 0.1568 | p = 0.3235 | p = 0.8253 | p = 0.3706 | p = 0.3175 | ||
2-Phenethyl acetate | r = −0.6632 | r = 0.2679 | r = 0.2315 | r = −0.0414 | r = −0.2384 | r = −0.0927 | |
p = 0.0051 | p = 0.3158 | p = 0.3883 | p = 0.8802 | p = 0.3747 | p = 0.7347 | ||
n-Hexane | r = −0.4989 | r = 0.3322 | r = 0.2077 | r = 0.0201 | r = −0.2146 | r = −0.1801 | |
p = 0.0496 | p = 0.2087 | p = 0.4402 | p = 0.9401 | p = 0.4261 | p = 0.5047 |
Compared OFF-Associated Yeast Volatiles | U Statistic | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Polypropylene vials | 2-Phenethyl acetate, 2-octanone | 44.0 | 0.05213 |
2-Phenethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol | 50.5 | 0.10561 | |
2-Octanone, isoamyl alcohol | 68.5 | 0.43005 | |
Rubber septa | 2-Phenethyl acetate, 2-octanone | 31.5 | 0.00916 |
2-Phenethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol | 28.0 | 0.00547 | |
2-Octanone, isoamyl alcohol | 67.0 | 0.39374 |
OFF-Associated Yeast Volatile Compound | U Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|
2-Phenethyl acetate | 30.0 | 0.00736 |
Isoamyl alcohol | 57.0 | 0.19644 |
2-Octanone | 45.5 | 0.06039 |
Temperature (°C) | Air Pressure (hPa) | Humidity (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conditions | Week | Min. | Max. | Mean | Min. | Max. | Mean | Min. | Max. | Mean |
Room conditions | 1st | 21.1 | 23.6 | 22.76 | 997 | 1012 | 1006.63 | 48.7 | 63 | 56.33 |
2nd | 17.2 | 21.2 | 18.95 | 1002 | 1012 | 1006.17 | 39.1 | 52.9 | 45.89 | |
3rd | 17.1 | 20.8 | 18.45 | 1003 | 1020 | 1012.44 | 43.1 | 67.6 | 51.31 | |
4th | 17.4 | 20 | 18.54 | 1008 | 1019 | 1013.19 | 46.2 | 61.8 | 51.05 | |
Environmental chamber conditions | 1st–4th | 17 | 23 | 20 | 1013.25 | 1013.25 | 1013.25 | 60 | 70 | 65 |
Field conditions | 1st | 15.2 | 24.3 | 19.21 | 1007.91 | 1021.65 | 1016.55 | 42 | 95 | 70.96 |
2nd | 10.6 | 19.3 | 14.2 | 101.71 | 1020.58 | 1015.47 | 29 | 89 | 47.69 | |
3rd | 10.3 | 20.8 | 16.54 | 1012.05 | 1028.31 | 1020.83 | 37 | 89 | 61.12 | |
4th | 9.4 | 21.2 | 15.28 | 1017.25 | 1026.85 | 1021.59 | 27 | 90 | 52.25 |
Treatment | Trap (Dispenser Type) | Attractants (Volatile Compounds) | Retention System |
---|---|---|---|
A | YST + PPV | Isoamyl Alcohol | Sticky |
B | YST + PPV | 2-Octanone | Sticky |
C | YST + PPV | 2-Phenethyl acetate | Sticky |
D | YST + PPV | n-Hexane | Sticky |
E | YST + RS | Isoamyl Alcohol | Sticky |
F | YST + RS | 2-Octanone | Sticky |
G | YST + RS | 2-Phenethyl acetate | Sticky |
H | YST + RS | n-Hexane | Sticky |
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Veršić Bratinčević, M.; Bego, A.; Nižetić Kosović, I.; Jukić Špika, M.; Burul, F.; Popović, M.; Ninčević Runjić, T.; Vitanović, E. A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction. Molecules 2023, 28, 2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062431
Veršić Bratinčević M, Bego A, Nižetić Kosović I, Jukić Špika M, Burul F, Popović M, Ninčević Runjić T, Vitanović E. A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062431
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeršić Bratinčević, Maja, Ana Bego, Ivana Nižetić Kosović, Maja Jukić Špika, Filipa Burul, Marijana Popović, Tonka Ninčević Runjić, and Elda Vitanović. 2023. "A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062431
APA StyleVeršić Bratinčević, M., Bego, A., Nižetić Kosović, I., Jukić Špika, M., Burul, F., Popović, M., Ninčević Runjić, T., & Vitanović, E. (2023). A Lifetime of a Dispenser-Release Rates of Olive Fruit Fly-Associated Yeast Volatile Compounds and Their Influence on Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi) Attraction. Molecules, 28(6), 2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062431