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Review

Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors

by
Shahnaz D. Vellani
1,*,
Anthony Nigro
1,
Shangari Varatharajan
1,
Lance D. Dworkin
1 and
Justin Fortune Creeden
1,2,3
1
Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
2
Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
3
Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052047
Submission received: 28 October 2022 / Revised: 26 January 2023 / Accepted: 8 February 2023 / Published: 22 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Efficient Pharmaceutical and Chemical Approaches for Anticancer Therapy: Design, Preliminary Evaluations, and Further Developments)
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Abstract

Evasion of innate immunity represents a frequently employed method by which tumor cells survive and thrive. Previously, the development of immunotherapeutic agents capable of overcoming this evasion has realized pronounced clinical utility across a variety of cancer types. More recently, immunological strategies have been investigated as potentially viable therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in the management of carcinoid tumors. Classic treatment options for carcinoid tumors rely upon surgical resection or non-immune pharmacology. Though surgical intervention can be curative, tumor characteristics, such as size, location, and spread, heavily limit success. Non-immune pharmacologic treatments can be similarly limited, and many demonstrate problematic side effects. Immunotherapy may be able to overcome these limitations and further improve clinical outcomes. Similarly, emerging immunologic carcinoid biomarkers may improve diagnostic capabilities. Recent developments in immunotherapeutic and diagnostic modalities of carcinoid management are summarized here.
Keywords: carcinoid; immunotherapy; biomarkers; neuroendocrine; tumors carcinoid; immunotherapy; biomarkers; neuroendocrine; tumors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vellani, S.D.; Nigro, A.; Varatharajan, S.; Dworkin, L.D.; Creeden, J.F. Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors. Molecules 2023, 28, 2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052047

AMA Style

Vellani SD, Nigro A, Varatharajan S, Dworkin LD, Creeden JF. Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors. Molecules. 2023; 28(5):2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vellani, Shahnaz D., Anthony Nigro, Shangari Varatharajan, Lance D. Dworkin, and Justin Fortune Creeden. 2023. "Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors" Molecules 28, no. 5: 2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052047

APA Style

Vellani, S. D., Nigro, A., Varatharajan, S., Dworkin, L. D., & Creeden, J. F. (2023). Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors. Molecules, 28(5), 2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052047

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