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Article

Visible-Light-Mediated Catalyst-Free [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction for Dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones Synthesis under Mild Conditions

by
Hong-Bo Tan
1,2,3,*,
Jia-Ying Zhou
1,
Ying-Shan Liu
1,
Tong Lei
1,
Shi-Yu Wang
1,
Shuang-Shuang Hu
1,
Xu Zhang
1,
Zhi-Gang Xu
1,
Dian-Yong Tang
1,
Zhong-Zhu Chen
1 and
Bo-Chu Wang
2,*
1
National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
2
Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
3
Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(22), 7654; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227654
Submission received: 27 October 2023 / Revised: 7 November 2023 / Accepted: 16 November 2023 / Published: 18 November 2023
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Abstract

:
A facile and efficient visible-light-mediated method for directly converting 1,4-naphthoquinones into dihydrocyclo-buta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones (DHCBNDOs) under mild and clean conditions without using any photocatalysts is reported. This approach exhibited favorable compatibility with functional groups and afforded a series of DHCBNDOs with excellent regioselectivity and high yields. Moreover, detailed mechanism studies were carried out both experimentally and theoretically. The readily accessible, low-cost and ecofriendly nature of the developed strategy will endow it with attractive applications in organic and medicinal chemistry.

1. Introduction

The development of green, concise and mild synthetic methodologies for extensively used organic compounds is one of the most essential tasks in the area of organic synthesis. Fused cyclobutene is a type of unique and intriguing structural motif in organic chemistry, which has attracted considerable attention in recent years because it is luxuriant in nature and shows multiple biological activities [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Furthermore, owing to the high chemical reactivity from the inherent and high ring strain, the fused cyclobutenes experience diverse transformations, ring-opening and ring-expansion reactions in particular, providing distinctive approaches to the construction of complex organic molecules [10,11,12,13]. Dihydrocyclobuta [b] naphthalene-3,8-diones (DHCBNDOs) containing fused cyclobutene structures are highly valued scaffolds that occur in many bioactive compounds (Figure 1) and, in particular, operate as lead compounds for SARS-CoV-19 management, [14] miR-1 inhibitors [15], and microRNAs activators [16]. A great deal of attention has been devoted to developing better strategies for synthesizing DHCBNDOs and their analogs, of which [2+2] cycloaddition is generally considered to be one of the most forthright and efficient methods [17,18,19,20,21]. The DHCBNDOs, an interesting scaffold for developing new drugs for SARS-CoV-19, coronary artery diseases, heart attacks and miRNA-based tumors, are under-represented in medicinal chemistry [14,15,16], and this potentially results from deficiencies in extant synthetic methodologies.
As shown in Scheme 1, the DHCBNDO system has only recently been synthesized by formal [2+2] cycloaddition under reflux condition, as reported by Diederich, Morita and coworkers [22,23,24]. Some great improvements via [2+2] photocycloaddition have been made by Zhang’s (high-pressure mercury lamp) [15] and Shah’s (visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition) groups [25]. However, the reported methods severely relied on some unfriendly conditions, such as heating, high-pressure mercury lamp, acid catalyst and oxidants, which created some drawbacks in these strategies in terms of environmental protection, safety, economy, reaction selectivity and functional group tolerance. Although significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis of DHCBNDO systems over previous decades, the development of approaches for preparing DHCBNDOs in an efficient, green and facile way is an ongoing challenge that urgently needs to be addressed.
To supplement our initial research in the synthesis of tricyclic or polycyclic fused organic compounds using photocatalytic reactions [26,27,28,29], we would like to report a green, facile and visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for DHCBNDOs synthesis at ambient temperature. We believe this approach not only represents a mild, clean and economical method for the preparation of DHCBNDOs, but also exhibits promising prospects in synthetic chemistry, such as constructing organic molecules of complex structures.

2. Results and Discussion

In our pilot experiment, menadione 1a (1 mmol) and phenylacetylene 2a (1 mmol) were chosen as model substrates in solvet MeCN, which was irradiated under blue LEDs (460 nm) for 3 h. The target tricyclic framework compound 8a-methyl-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione 3aa was obtained in 81% yield without any catalyst (Table 1, entry 1). Furthermore, the use of several different solvents, including DCM, acetone, dioxane, chlorobenzene, MeOH, THF, toluene, and DCE, did not give a better result than MeCN (Table 1, entries 220139, respectively). However, when a solvent of MeCN was used with irradiation for 4 h, the yield of 3aa was improved to 86%. (Table 1, entry 10). Increasing the reaction time to 5h or increasing the equivalent of 2a to 1.4eq failed to give any better results (Table 1, entries 11–14, respectively). And the control experiments of no light and different wavelength (365 nm) did not give better results (Table 1, entries 15–16, respectively). Therefore, the optimized reaction conditions for this [2+2] cycloaddition reaction turned out to be those obtained using MeCN as the solvent (0.1 mmol/L) under blue LEDs (460 nm) irradiation for 4h.
With the optimized conditions in hand, a survey of the substrate scope was carried out by varying 1,4-naphthoquinone and alkyne compounds (Scheme 2). Phenylacetylene 2a provided the corresponding product 3aa in very good yields under optimized reaction conditions. And the variability of the phenylacetylene was checked using substituted alkyne 2. The phenylacetylene 2 tethered with an electron-donating group, such as -OMe, 3,5-OMe, -Et, -Pr, and -cyclohexyl, also underwent [2+2] cycloaddition reactions with very good yields (3ab–3af). Similarly, 2 with electron-withdrawing groups, such as -Br, -NO2, and -CN, also underwent [2+2] cycloaddition reactions with very good yields (3ag–3ai). Alkyne derivatives with heterocycle substituents were also found to be suitable for this [2+2] cycloaddition reaction (3aj and 3ak), and non-terminal alkynes with -CHO and -Ph groups were also suitable substrates, giving 3al and 3am in very good yields. Similarly, aliphatic alkynes also gave the corresponding [2+2] cycloaddition products (3an and 3ao) in excellent yield, and 1,4-naphthoquinones bearing electron-withdrawing substituents (-H, -Cl, and -2,3Cl) did the same for corresponding products (3ba–3da) in high yields (87–92%). These different groups did not significantly affect the yields, probably due to the weak influence of electronic effects. It is noteworthy that the reaction proceeded with excellent regioselectivity due to the trans-product being hard to access because of the ring strain, giving target cis-8a-methyl-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones 3. The proton NMR coupling signals (two doublets) from the two cyclobutene protons proved that -Me and -Ph groups were adjacent to each other (Supplementary Figure S1). The single-crystal X-ray diffraction (CCDC-2288747) further confirmed the cis-structure (Figure 2). As a consequence, the NMR and X-ray analysis confirmed excellent regioselectivity of the visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction.
To evaluate the synthetic utility of our visible light-mediated approach, the reaction of 1a and 2a was carried out under sunlight irradiation (about 8 h per day), and the product 3aa was given in 82% yield (Scheme 3A). In addition, a large-scale (8-mmol scale) preparation of 3aa under sunlight irradiation was successful, with only a slightly decreased yield (71%), which confirmed the practicability of this strategy (Scheme 3B).
After exploring the substrate scope and utility of this reaction, we focused on the study mechanism. In order to obtain full insight into this intermolecular [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction, some control experiments (Scheme 4) and theoretical calculations (Scheme 5) were conducted by using 1a and 2a as the model reactants. No reaction occurred in the dark environments (without blue LEDs) (Scheme 4B), which highlighted that the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction need to be triggered by blue LEDs. In addition, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (with TEMPO as a radical scavenger) was added in the reaction of Scheme 4C, and only a trace amount of compound 3aa was detected.
Based on the control experimental results, DFT-calculated results (see the computational details section) and previous studies of the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction [31], a possible mechanism for this visible-light-photocatalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition reaction was proposed, as shown in Scheme 5. First, the 1a3,*s was populated by intersystem crossing (ISC) of the singlet excited state 1a* that resulted from visible light irradiation of ground state 1a. The excited state of 1a3,* reacted with 2a to deliver the cyclopropane intermediate (IM1) through a transition-state structure TS (IRC scan results in ESI, Supplementary Figure S40), and its free energy barrier was calculated as 13.4 kcal mol−1. The next step in the mechanistic pathway is the reaction of the ring cleavage of the cyclopropane with the possible formation of 1,4-biradical intermediate IM2. The intermediate IM2 subsequently underwent intramolecular radical recombination, giving target ring-closure product 3aa.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

3.1.1. Experimental Section

All chemical agents were purchased from chemical manufacturers (Bide and Energy Chemical) and directly used without any further purification. Thin layer chromatography was carried out on glass silica gel GF254 plates. Melting points were detected by a digital melting point apparatus (XT-5A). The NMR tests (1D-NMR and 2D-NMR) were conducted on a Bruker spectrometer (Avance 400). HRMS data were obtained from a Thermo Fisher mass spectrometer (Q-Exactive) in ESI mode.

3.1.2. Computational Section

Geometrical optimization was carried out at the um062x 6-31g(d,p) theoretical level using the SCRF model (MeCN as solvent) [32,33,34]. Frequency analysis and the thermodynamic correctional data were obtained at the same level. In addition, the IRC pathways [35] calculations were also performed for transition state (TS) to identify whether the transition state can connect the reactants and the key intermediate (IM1). All of the computational experiments were conducted by using the Gaussian 16 program package [36].

3.2. General Procedure for the Preparation of DHCBNDOs

In a 15 mL tube, 1.0 mmol 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives 1 and 1.0 mmol alkyne derivatives 2 were dissolved in 10 mL of MeCN. The solution was irradiated by blue LEDs (460 nm) at room temperature for 4 h. After completion, the reaction solution was evaporated in a vacuum which was purified by a Biotage Flash (medium-pressure chromatography) using a mixed solvent of hexane (HEX) and ethyl acetate (EA) (5–30% EA). The products 3 were characterized by proton NMR, carbon NMR and HRMS spectroscopy.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3aa): Yellow solid, yield 86%, m.p. 154–156 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.78 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz, CH), 6.55 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, =CH), 7.27–7.34 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.49–7.51 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.68–7.71 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.01–8.06 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.8, 57.2, 57.5, 125.5, 127.0, 127.6, 128.0, 128.6, 129.1, 131.6, 133.7, 133.7, 134.4, 134.5, 153.4, 196.6, 198.4; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 275.1067 for C19H15O2 [M+H]+, found 275.1069.
(2aS,8aS)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-8a-methyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ab): Faint yellow solid, yield 85%, 152–154 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.74 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.69 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.72 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.54 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 6.72 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 6.85–6.88 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.12–7.16 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.48–7.59 (m, 3H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 20.0, 55.0, 57.5, 59.0, 110.4, 120.5, 120.6, 126.9, 127.8, 127.9, 127.9, 129.8, 132.9, 133.7, 134.0, 134.2, 134.3, 149.9, 158.9, 196.9, 199.0; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 305.1172 for C20H17O3 [M+H]+, found 305.1176.
(2aS,8aS)-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8a-methyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ac): Faint yellow solid, yield 88%, 151–153 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.74 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.68 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 3.70 (s, 6H, OCH3), 6.31 (t, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 6.46 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 6.58 (t, 2H, J = 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.61–7.64 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.93–7.99 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.9, 55.4, 57.1, 57.4, 101.6, 103.4, 127.0, 127.6, 128.0, 128.1, 133.2, 133.6, 133.7, 134.4, 134.5, 153.3, 161.0, 196.6, 198.3; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 335.1278 for C21H19O4 [M+H]+, found 335.1280.
(2aS,8aS)-1-(4-ethylphenyl)-8a-methyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ad): Yellow solid, yield 93%, 155–157 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.6 Hz, CH3), 1.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.61 (q, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz, CH2), 3.77 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.49 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 7.16 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.69–7.72 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.02–8.06 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 15.4, 19.8, 28.8, 57.1, 57.5, 125.6, 126.4, 127.0, 128.0, 128.1, 129.2, 133.7, 133.8, 134.3, 134.4, 145.6, 153.5, 196.9, 198.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 303.1380 for C21H19O2 [M+H]+, found 303.1385.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-(4-propylphenyl)-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ae): Yellow solid, yield 90%, 154–156 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.84 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3), 1.53 (q, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz, CH2), 1.75 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.47 (t, 2H, CH2), 3.70 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.40 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 7.06 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.34 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62–7.65 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.94–7.99 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 13.8, 19.8, 24.4, 37.9, 57.1, 57.5, 125.5, 126.4, 127.0, 128.0, 128.7, 129.2, 133.7, 133.8, 134.3, 134.4, 144.0, 153.5, 196.9, 198.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 317.1536 for C22H21O2 [M+H]+, found 317.1539.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-(4-((1s,4S)-4-propylcyclohexyl)phenyl)-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3af): Yellow solid, yield 95%, 149–151 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.89 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3), 1.04–1.07 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.18–1.22 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.28–1.42 (m, 6H, CH2), 1.82 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.85 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.40–2.46 (m, 1H, CH), 3.76 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.48 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 7.17 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.68–7.72 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.01–8.06 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 14.4, 19.9, 20.0, 33.5, 34.1, 37.0, 39.7, 44.6, 57.1, 57.5, 125.5, 126.4, 127.0, 128.0, 129.3, 133.7, 133.7, 134.3, 134.4, 149.2, 153.5, 196.8, 198.5; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 399.2319 for C28H31O2 [M+H]+, found 399.2323.
(2aS,8aS)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-8a-methyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ag): Yellow solid, yield 83%, 165–167 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.72 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.68 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.48 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, =CH), 7.28 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.36 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.62–7.65 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.94–7.98 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.8, 57.1, 57.5, 123.3, 127.1, 127.1, 128.0, 128.3, 130.3, 131.9, 133.5, 133.6, 134.5, 134.6, 152.2, 196.2, 198.2; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 353.0172 for C19H14BrO2 [M+H]+, found 353.0176.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ah): Yellow solid, yield 80%, 173–175 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.78 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.78 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.72 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, =CH), 7.62 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.68–7.71 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.99–8.03 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.11 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.9, 57.2, 57.7, 124.0, 126.4, 127.2, 128.2, 133.4, 133.6, 134.8, 134.8, 137.1, 147.6, 151.1, 195.4, 197.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 320.0917 for C19H14NO4 [M+H]+, found 320.0921.
4-((2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-3,8-dioxo-2a,3,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalen-1-yl)benzonitrile (3ai): Yellow solid, yield 82%, 170–172 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.75 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.75 (br s, 1H, CH), 6.66 (br s, 1H, =CH), 7.54 (br s, 4H, Ar-H), 7.66–7.68 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.96–8.01 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.9, 57.2, 57.6, 112.3, 118.5, 126.1, 127.2, 128.1, 131.7, 132.4, 133.4, 133.6, 134.7, 134.7, 135.3, 151.4, 195.5, 197.7; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 300.1019 for C20H14NO2 [M+H]+, found 300.1022.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3aj): Yellow solid, yield 93%, 168–170 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.74 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.74 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.59 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, =CH), 6.17 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, 4.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.63–7.66 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.74 (dt, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.94–7.99 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.39 (dd, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz, 1.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.65 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.8, 57.2, 57.7, 123.5, 127.1, 127.4, 128.0, 129.9, 132.7, 133.6, 134.6, 134.6, 147.0, 149.6, 150.5, 195.9, 197.8; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 276.1019 for C18H14NO2 [M+H]+, found 276.1024.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ak): Faint yellow solid, yield 91%, 164–166 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.72 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.71 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.17 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 6.90 (dd, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz, 3.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.18–7.20 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.61–7.64 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.94–7.99 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.7, 57.5, 57.8, 125.0, 126.7, 126.8, 127.2, 127.7, 128.0, 133.4, 133.8, 134.4, 134.5, 134.5, 147.6, 196.2, 197.5; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 281.0631 for C17H13O2S [M+H]+, found 281.0635.
(2aS,8aS)-2a-methyl-1,2-diphenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3al): Yellow solid, yield 83%, 160–162 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.80 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.21 (s, 1H, CH), 7.28–7.37 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 7.51–7.55 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.68–7.77 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.93 (dd, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, 1.2 Hz, Ar-H), 8.13 (dd, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, 1.2 Hz, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 19.3, 55.5, 58.5, 126.9, 127.0, 127.0, 127.9, 128.5, 128.7, 128.9, 128.9, 132.8, 132.8, 133.9, 134.0, 134.3, 134.5, 140.6, 145.0, 196.7, 198.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 351.1380 for C25H19O2 [M+H]+, found 351.1385.
(2aS,8aS)-2a-methyl-3,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-2a,3,8,8a-tetrahydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde (3am): Faint yellow solid, yield 85%, 173–175 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 1.81 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.00 (s, 1H, CH), 7.33–7.39 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.63–7.68 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.84 (dd, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.94 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, Ar-H), 9.85 (s, 1H, CHO); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 20.3, 56.2, 127.4, 128.0, 129.1, 129.3, 130.8, 132.0, 133.5, 133.8, 134.6, 134.9, 135.0, 161.1, 185.0, 194.4, 196.7; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 303.1016 for C20H15O3 [M+H]+, found 303.1020.
(2aS,8aS)-1-butyl-8a-methyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3an): Faint yellow oil, yield 95%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.83 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3), 1.21–1.39 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.59 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.92–2.08 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.62 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz, CH), 6.01 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz, =CH), 7.74–7.76 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.03–8.10 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 13.7, 18.9, 22.3, 27.0, 27.5, 57.1, 58.0, 127.1, 127.6, 128.8, 133.4, 133.8, 134.3, 134.3, 159.1, 197.6, 198.1; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 255.1380 for C17H19O2 [M+H]+, found 255.1385.
(2aS,8aS)-8a-methyl-1-pentyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ao): Faint yellow oil, yield 96%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.82 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3), 1.18–1.25 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.36–1.40 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.58 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.91–2.06 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.61 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz, CH), 6.01 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz, =CH), 7.74–7.76 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.03–8.10 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 13.9, 18.8, 22.3, 25.1, 27.3, 31.4, 57.1, 58.0, 127.1, 127.6, 128.8, 133.4, 133.7, 134.2, 134.3, 159.2, 197.5, 198.0; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 269.1536 for C18H21O2 [M+H]+, found 269.1539.
(2aS,8aS)-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ba): Yellow solid, yield 87%, 153–155 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 4.06 (dd, 1H, J = 4.0 Hz, 1.6 Hz, CH), 4.45 (d, 1H, J = 4.0 Hz, CH), 6.49 (d, 1H, J = 0.8 Hz, =CH), 7.22–7.29 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.47–7.49 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.64–7.68 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.94–8.03 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 49.1, 52.2, 125.5 127.6, 127.8, 128.6, 129.2, 132.0, 133.7, 134.0, 134.6, 149.2, 195.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 261.0910 for C18H13O2 [M+H]+, found 261.0915.
(2aR,8aR)-8a-chloro-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3ca): Faint yellow solid, yield 90%, 159–161 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 4.32 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, CH), 6.74 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, =CH), 7.35–7.40 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.64–7.67 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.74–7.82 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.06–8.14 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 61.6, 68.3, 126.2, 127.4, 128.7, 129.0, 129.2, 130.0, 132.3, 133.1, 135.0, 149.6, 190.0, 193.8; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 295.0520 for C18H12ClO2 [M+H]+, found 295.0525.
(2aS,8aR)-2a,8a-dichloro-1-phenyl-2a,8a-dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-dione (3da): Faint yellow solid, yield 92%, 163–165 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 6.73 (s, 1H, =CH), 7.39–7.41 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.65–7.67 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.79–7.83 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.09–8.18 (m, 2H, Ar-H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) 127.2, 127.4, 128.3, 128.4, 128.7, 128.9, 128.9, 131.2, 131.4, 131.7, 131.7, 135.4, 135.5, 152.6, 188.4, 188.6; HRMS (ESI), m/z calcd 329.0131 for C18H10Cl2O2 [M+H]+, found 329.0131.
The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis for compound 3am were deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC 2288747).

4. Conclusions

In summary, a facile and efficient visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction strategy was developed for the synthesis of cyclobutane-containing DHCBNDOs under mild and clean conditions. The strategy exhibited favorable compatibilities with functional groups and afforded a library of DHCBNDOs in very good to excellent yields with excellent regioselectivity. Control experiments revealed that the visible light played an important role in the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction and clearly point to a radical pathway. Besides, DFT calculations revealed that the structures of transition state (TS) and the key intermediate (IM1) and its free energy barrier was calculated as 13.4 kcal mol−1. The readily accessible, low-cost and eco-friendly nature of the developed strategy offers a range of attractive applications in organic and medicinal chemistry.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28227654/s1, Figures S1–S40: including 1H, 13C NMR and ORTEP spectra of [2+2] cycloaddition products dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones (DHCBNDOs).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.-B.T. and B.-C.W.; methodology, J.-Y.Z., Y.-S.L., T.L., S.-Y.W. and S.-S.H.; software, H.-B.T.; validation, Z.-G.X., D.-Y.T. and Z.-Z.C.; formal analysis, H.-B.T.; investigation, J.-Y.Z., Y.-S.L., T.L., S.-Y.W., S.-S.H. and X.Z.; resources, Z.-G.X., D.-Y.T. and Z.-Z.C.; data curation, H.-B.T.; writing—original draft preparation, H.-B.T.; writing—review and editing, H.-B.T.; visualization, H.-B.T.; supervision, Z.-G.X., D.-Y.T. and Z.-Z.C.; project administration, Z.-G.X., D.-Y.T. and Z.-Z.C.; funding acquisition, H.-B.T., Z.-G.X., D.-Y.T. and Z.-Z.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Science & Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (No. KJQN202201326) and Science & Technology Research Program of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (No. P2020XY10).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are contained in the article tables and Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We thank Ya-fei Luo (Sichuan University) for his initial assistance and guidance for the DFT calculations.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 28 07654 g001
Figure 1. Representative examples with the skeleton of DHCBNDO.
Figure 1. Representative examples with the skeleton of DHCBNDO.
Molecules 28 07654 g001
Molecules 28 07654 sch001
Scheme 1. [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of DHCBNDOs.
Scheme 1. [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of DHCBNDOs.
Molecules 28 07654 sch001
Molecules 28 07654 sch002
Scheme 2. Exploration of substrate scope.
Scheme 2. Exploration of substrate scope.
Molecules 28 07654 sch002
Molecules 28 07654 g002
Figure 2. ORTEP diagram of crystal structures of 3am. (CCDC-2288747).
Figure 2. ORTEP diagram of crystal structures of 3am. (CCDC-2288747).
Molecules 28 07654 g002
Molecules 28 07654 sch003
Scheme 3. Sunlight irradiation and large-scale synthesis. (A) The 1-mmol-scale reaction under sunlight irradiation; (B) The 8-mmol-scale reaction under sunlight irradiation.
Scheme 3. Sunlight irradiation and large-scale synthesis. (A) The 1-mmol-scale reaction under sunlight irradiation; (B) The 8-mmol-scale reaction under sunlight irradiation.
Molecules 28 07654 sch003
Molecules 28 07654 sch004
Scheme 4. Control experiments. (A) The reaction under standard conditions; (B) The reaction under standard conditions without LEDs; (C) The reaction under standard conditions with addition of TEMPO.
Scheme 4. Control experiments. (A) The reaction under standard conditions; (B) The reaction under standard conditions without LEDs; (C) The reaction under standard conditions with addition of TEMPO.
Molecules 28 07654 sch004
Molecules 28 07654 sch005
Scheme 5. (A) Plausible pathway for the visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction; (B) Optimized structures of stationary points along the pathway and corresponding calculated enthalpies and free energies (the numbers at the bottom of the Scheme 5B) at the um062x, 6-31g(d,p) theoretical level [30]. Symbol * means the lowest excited state.
Scheme 5. (A) Plausible pathway for the visible-light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition reaction; (B) Optimized structures of stationary points along the pathway and corresponding calculated enthalpies and free energies (the numbers at the bottom of the Scheme 5B) at the um062x, 6-31g(d,p) theoretical level [30]. Symbol * means the lowest excited state.
Molecules 28 07654 sch005
Table 1. Optimization of the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction conditions a.
Table 1. Optimization of the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction conditions a.
Molecules 28 07654 i001
EntrySolventTimeEqn (2a)Yield b
1MeCN3 h1.081%
2DCM3 h1.059%
3Acetone3 h1.067%
4Dioxane3 h1.063%
5Chlorobenzene3 h1.060%
6MeOH3 h1.071%
7THF3 h1.075%
8Toluene3 h1.068%
9ClCH2CH2Cl3 h1.064%
10MeCN4 h1.086%
11MeCN5 h1.085%
12MeCN4 h1.183%
13MeCN4 h1.284%
14MeCN4 h1.482%
15MeCN4 h1.00% c
16MeCN4 h1.065% d
a The reactions were carried out on a 1 mmol scale in 10 mL of solvent under blue LEDs (460 nm); irradiation without any catalyst; b Isolated yields; c Without light; d Under irradiation of 365 nm.
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Tan, H.-B.; Zhou, J.-Y.; Liu, Y.-S.; Lei, T.; Wang, S.-Y.; Hu, S.-S.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Z.-G.; Tang, D.-Y.; Chen, Z.-Z.; et al. Visible-Light-Mediated Catalyst-Free [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction for Dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones Synthesis under Mild Conditions. Molecules 2023, 28, 7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227654

AMA Style

Tan H-B, Zhou J-Y, Liu Y-S, Lei T, Wang S-Y, Hu S-S, Zhang X, Xu Z-G, Tang D-Y, Chen Z-Z, et al. Visible-Light-Mediated Catalyst-Free [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction for Dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones Synthesis under Mild Conditions. Molecules. 2023; 28(22):7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227654

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tan, Hong-Bo, Jia-Ying Zhou, Ying-Shan Liu, Tong Lei, Shi-Yu Wang, Shuang-Shuang Hu, Xu Zhang, Zhi-Gang Xu, Dian-Yong Tang, Zhong-Zhu Chen, and et al. 2023. "Visible-Light-Mediated Catalyst-Free [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction for Dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones Synthesis under Mild Conditions" Molecules 28, no. 22: 7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227654

APA Style

Tan, H. -B., Zhou, J. -Y., Liu, Y. -S., Lei, T., Wang, S. -Y., Hu, S. -S., Zhang, X., Xu, Z. -G., Tang, D. -Y., Chen, Z. -Z., & Wang, B. -C. (2023). Visible-Light-Mediated Catalyst-Free [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction for Dihydrocyclobuta[b]naphthalene-3,8-diones Synthesis under Mild Conditions. Molecules, 28(22), 7654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227654

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