Production of Mineral-Carbon Composites and Activated Carbons as a Method of Used Gear Oil, Ashes, and Low-Quality Brown Coals Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Elemental Composition of the Precursors and Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents Prepared
2.2. Textural Parameters of the Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents Prepared
2.3. Acidic—Basic Properties of the Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents Prepared
2.4. Sorption Performance of the Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents in Relation to Organic Dyes
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents Preparation
- (step 1)
- heating of the sample in a nitrogen atmosphere (N2 flow 10 dm3/h), from room temperature to 200 °C (heating rate 5 °C/min);
- (step 2)
- annealing of the sample at 200 °C for 0.5 h;
- (step 3)
- heating of the sample to a temperature of 500 °C (heating rate 5 °C/min);
- (step 4)
- annealing of the sample at 500 °C for 1 h.
- (step 1)
- heating of the sample from room temperature to a final activation temperature of 700 °C (heating rate 10 °C/min),
- (step 2)
- annealing of the sample at 700 °C for 0.5 h.
3.2. Physicochemical Characterization of the Precursors and Mineral-Carbon Adsorbents
3.3. Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sample | Ash | Nitrogendaf | Carbondaf | Hydrogendaf | Sulphurdaf | Oxygendiff |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown coal | 27.1 ± 1.27 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 57.3 ± 0.28 | 5.6 ± 0.08 | 1.2 ± 0.03 | 35.4 ± 0.49 |
Waste gear oil | 1.1 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 84.7 ± 0.92 | 11.3 ± 0.21 | 1.0 ± 0.04 | 2.6 ± 0.13 |
Composite | 94.9 ± 0.76 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 3.0 ± 0.18 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 3.5 ± 0.10 | 93.2 * ± 0.71 |
BAc | 36.6 ± 0.72 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 82.6 ± 0.57 | 1.3 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 15.3 ± 0.16 |
BAp | 17.0 ± 0.78 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 75.9 ± 0.35 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 2.8 ± 0.13 | 20.0 ± 0.65 |
Sample | Surface Area 1 [m2/g] | Micropore Area [m2/g] | Total Pore Volume [cm3/g] | Micropore Contribution | Mean Pore Size [nm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composite | 21 | - | 0.072 | - | 13.37 |
BAc | 656 | 588 | 0.750 | 0.43 | 4.57 |
BAp | 301 | 159 | 0.345 | 0.26 | 4.58 |
Sample | pH of Aqueous Extracts | Basic Groups Content [mmol/g] | Acidic Groups Content [mmol/g] | Total Content of Surface Groups [mmol/g] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Composite | 11.80 ± 0.07 | 3.10 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 3.58 ± 0.08 |
BAc | 6.11 ± 0.04 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.99 ± 0.03 | 1.56 ± 0.04 |
BAp | 9.62 ± 0.11 | 4.08 ± 0.14 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 4.33 ± 0.04 |
Sample | qexp | Langmuir Model | Freundlich Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qmax | KL | R2 | KF | 1/n | R2 | ||
Methylene blue | |||||||
Composite | 34.8 | 45.1 | 0.04 | 0.4585 | 1.79 | 1.037 | 0.9856 |
BAc | 233.3 | 234.7 | 4.06 | 0.9987 | 186.90 | 0.060 | 0.8869 |
BAp | 156.4 | 154.1 | 7.55 | 0.9960 | 118.44 | 0.109 | 0.9811 |
Methyl orange | |||||||
Composite | 3.1 | 3.3 | 0.15 | 0.7728 | 5.35 | 0.813 | 0.9647 |
BAc | 83.2 | 85.3 | 1.61 | 0.9939 | 65.16 | 0.071 | 0.7201 |
BAp | 85.3 | 86.7 | 2.91 | 0.9997 | 62.03 | 0.100 | 0.8719 |
Sample | qexp | Pseudo-First Order | Pseudo-Second Order | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k1 | R2 | qcal | k2 | R2 | qcal | ||
Methylene blue | |||||||
Composite | 2.698 | 0.013 | 0.8978 | 2.388 | 0.007 | 0.9725 | 3.092 |
BAc | 117.821 | 0.027 | 0.9386 | 76.243 | 0.001 | 0.9975 | 126.852 |
BAp | 93.407 | 0.018 | 0.9659 | 30.775 | 0.001 | 0.9997 | 96.154 |
Methyl orange | |||||||
Composite | 2.988 | 0.005 | 0.9062 | 0.462 | 0.023 | 0.9988 | 3.435 |
BAc | 67.537 | 0.012 | 0.9577 | 37.394 | 0.001 | 0.9954 | 71.429 |
BAp | 74.519 | 0.020 | 0.6920 | 18.450 | 0.003 | 0.9999 | 75.758 |
Adsorbent | Adsorbed Amount [mg/g] | Reference |
---|---|---|
Methylene blue | ||
Composite | 35 | This study |
BAp | 156 | This study |
BAc | 233 | This study |
Activated carbon derived from lignocellulosic wastes (physically activated by H2O-steam) | 149 | [28] |
Mesoporous-activated carbon from low-rank coal (microwave-induced KOH-activation method) | 492 | [29] |
Mesoporous-activated carbon from agricultural wastes including oil palm frond and palm kernel shell (microwave radiation-assisted K2CO3 activation) | 332 | [30] |
Zeolite–activated carbon composite from oil palm ash (chemical activation with NaOH and hydrothermal treatment) | 144 | [31] |
Porous graphene–carbon nanotubes composite (hydrothermal reaction) | 232 | [32] |
Hydroxyapatite and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based nanocomposite (dissolution/reprecipitation method) | 52 | [33] |
Methyl orange | ||
Composite | 3 | This study |
BAp | 85 | This study |
BAc | 83 | This study |
Nitrogen-rich biomass-derived carbon adsorbent made from Enteromorpha | 270 | [34] |
Biochars produced from agro-waste and invasive plants: wattle bark, mimosa, coffee husks | 12 | [35] |
Metal ion (Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+) modified biomass of waste beer yeast | 23–91 | [36] |
Magnetic clay-biochar composite | 63 | [37] |
Imidazolate-zeolite frameworks-11 | 179 | [38] |
Alkali-activated multiwalled carbon nanotubes | 149 | [39] |
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Wiśniewska, M.; Sadłowska, A.; Herda, K.; Urban, T.; Nowicki, P. Production of Mineral-Carbon Composites and Activated Carbons as a Method of Used Gear Oil, Ashes, and Low-Quality Brown Coals Management. Molecules 2023, 28, 6919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196919
Wiśniewska M, Sadłowska A, Herda K, Urban T, Nowicki P. Production of Mineral-Carbon Composites and Activated Carbons as a Method of Used Gear Oil, Ashes, and Low-Quality Brown Coals Management. Molecules. 2023; 28(19):6919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196919
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiśniewska, Małgorzata, Amanda Sadłowska, Karolina Herda, Teresa Urban, and Piotr Nowicki. 2023. "Production of Mineral-Carbon Composites and Activated Carbons as a Method of Used Gear Oil, Ashes, and Low-Quality Brown Coals Management" Molecules 28, no. 19: 6919. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196919