Nanoscale Ion-Exchange Materials: From Analytical Chemistry to Industrial and Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Rational Design and Fabrication Strategies
2.1. Direct Polymerization
2.2. Post-Polymerization
2.3. Non-Synthetic Methodology
3. Characterization
4. Applications
4.1. Solid-Phase Extraction
4.2. Separation Methods
4.3. Miscellaneous Analytical Applications
4.4. Toward Industrial Use
4.5. Drug Delivery
4.6. Delivery of Contrast Agents
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Matrix | Ionizable Groups | Fabrication | Shape/Size (nm) | Properties | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | Sulfonic acid groups (SG) | Emulsion or emulsifier-free polymerization | Spherical/40–90 | IEC, 0.7–2.2 meq g−1 | - | [21] |
PS | Trimethylamine groups | Emulsion polymerization followed by surface functionalization | Spherical/150 | IEC, 2.35 mmol g−1 | Binding of BSA (after the preparation of magnetic/ion-exchange composite beads) | [11] |
Polystyrene modified with sodium styrene sulfonate | SG | Emulsion polymerization followed by surface modification by a two-step polymerization reaction | Spherical/30–80 | Surface charge density, 5.9–27.7 µC cm−2 | - | [22] |
Polypyrrole grafted onto functionalized silica gel | Pyrrolium groups | Micelle technique | Opal-like/100 | IEC, 1.78 meq g−1 | Adsorption of Cr(VI) | [12] |
Poly-d,l-aspartic acid | Carboxylic groups | Commercial product (Chemicell GmbH, Berlin, Germany) | Spherical/100 | - | Capturing of bacteria (after coating on magnetite nanoparticles) | [23] |
PMMA covered with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) | Carboxylic groups | Two-stage emulsion polymerization | Spherical/90–260 | - | - | [24] |
Chitosan | Tripolyphosphate groups | Ionic gelation | Nonspherical/105–209 | - | - | [25] |
PMMA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) or polylcaprolactone | Carboxylate, sulfonate or trimethylammonium groups | Functionalization and nanoprecipitation | Spherical/15 | - | Loading of a fluorescent contrast agent (after postmodification by surfactants) | [26] |
PS | SG or trimethylamine groups | Grinding of commercial cation or anion exchanger | Nonspherical/50–300 | IEC, 0.1 and 0.95 meq mL−1 for cation and anion NIE, respectively | Luminescence analysis of metals | [27] |
CE of inorganic anions (in urine) | [28] | |||||
CEC of carboxylic acids (in wine) | [29] | |||||
IC of alkali metals and ammonium | [30,31] | |||||
ICP-OES of metals | [32] | |||||
CE of catecholamines and amino acids (in urine) | [33] | |||||
CEC of catecholamines and amino acids | [34] | |||||
CEC of carboxylic acids (in wine) | [35] | |||||
Loading of an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) | [36] | |||||
Loading of an anticancer drug (cisplatin) | [37] | |||||
Aliphatic polyester | SG | Polyesterification | Platelet/400 | - | - | [38] |
Poly(stearyl methacrylate)– poly(benzyl methacrylate) with incorporated 2-((methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-trimethylammonium | Trimethylamine groups | Polymerization-induced self-assembly | Spherical and nonspherical (worms, vesicles) | - | - | [39] |
Chitosan | SG | Extraction by HCl (from shell chitin), dialysis, freeze-drying, modification by propane- 1,3-sultone | Whiskers/diameter, 15–30; length, 150–300 | IEC, 0.60–0.91 mmol g−1 | Preparation of nanocomposite polymer membranes for direct methanol fuel cell | [40] |
Copolymers of styrene, acrylic acid, N-dimethyl acryl amide, and methyl allyl polyoxyethylene ether | Carboxylic groups | Precipitation polymerization | Nonsperical/7–146 | Charge density, 0.09–1.5 meq g−1 | Modification of the rheological properties of cement pastes | [41] |
Poly(lactic acid) covered with methyl methacrylate polymer | Carboxylic groups | Flash nanoprecipitation | Spherical/59–454 | Surface charge (no data) | Loading of antimalarial drug (lumefantrine) | [42] |
Halloysite | SG | Direct sulfonation or organosilylation and sulfonation | Tubes | - | SPE of pyrrolizidine alkaloids | [43,44] |
Poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylbenzyl chloride) | Quaternary ammonium groups | Quarterization precipitation polymerization | Spherical/50–80 | - | Oil/water emulsion separation (after the incorporation into polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes) | [45] |
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Large specific surface area High IEC Surface-to-volume area Reactivity Stability in suspension Rational design strategies Solid preparation technology Reusability Wealth of analytically and technically attractive properties | Outdated methodology for assessing ion-exchange properties Shortage of large-scale manufacturing approaches No real-world applications for environmental remediation Uneasiness of NIE-based devices and unitsMarginal biosafety Lack of targeted delivery function |
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Matczuk, M.; Ruzik, L.; Keppler, B.K.; Timerbaev, A.R. Nanoscale Ion-Exchange Materials: From Analytical Chemistry to Industrial and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023, 28, 6490. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186490
Matczuk M, Ruzik L, Keppler BK, Timerbaev AR. Nanoscale Ion-Exchange Materials: From Analytical Chemistry to Industrial and Biomedical Applications. Molecules. 2023; 28(18):6490. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186490
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatczuk, Magdalena, Lena Ruzik, Bernhard K. Keppler, and Andrei R. Timerbaev. 2023. "Nanoscale Ion-Exchange Materials: From Analytical Chemistry to Industrial and Biomedical Applications" Molecules 28, no. 18: 6490. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186490