Identification of Volatile Markers of Colorectal Cancer from Tumor Tissues Using Volatilomic Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Validation Parameters
2.2. Volatilomic Signatures of Colorectal Cancer and Non-Cancerous Tissues
2.3. Differences between the Volatilomic Signatures of Healthy and Cancerous Tissues
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Standards
3.2. Study Subjects and Sampling
3.3. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Sampling Protocol
3.4. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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VOC | CAS | Rt [min] | Quantifier Ion m/z | LOD [ppb] | RSD [%] | R2 | Linear Range [ppb] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-methyl-2-propanol | 75-65-0 | 4.78 | 59 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.996 | 0.3–30 |
1-propanol | 71-23-8 | 6.33 | 31 | 3 | 19 | 0.996 | 9–40 |
ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 6.68 | 43 | 0.08 | 6 | 0.998 | 0.24–35 |
2-butanone | 78-93-3 | 7.6 | 72 | 0.4 | 10 | 0.999 | 1.3–40 |
2-pentanone | 107-87-9 | 13.24 | 86 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.996 | 0.09–24 |
pyridine | 110-86-1 | 16.94 | 52 | 0.37 | 6 | 0.994 | 1.1–50 |
3-methyl-1-butanol | 123-51-3 | 17.95 | 70 | 0.11 | 6 | 0.989 | 0.33–29 |
cyclohexanone | 108-93-0 | 25.29 | 57 | 0.03 | 7 | 0.992 | 0.09–26 |
DL-limonene | 5989-27-5 | 29.42 | 68 | 0.47 | 9 | 0.989 | 1.5–25 |
2-ethyl-1-hexanol | 104-76-7 | 30.6 | 57 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.989 | 2.8–40 |
Class | Name (CAS; Occurrence T/N [%]) |
---|---|
Hydrocarbons | n-dodecane (112-40-3; 96/100), n-octane (111-65-9; 94/96), n-pentane (109-66-0; 90/98), isoprene (78-79-5; 72/76), n-decane (124-18-5; 68/72), n-undecane (1120-21-4; 62/74), n-nonane (111-84-2; 60/60), n-tetradecane (629-59-4; 58/64), n-hexane (110-54-3; 58/64), dicyclopentadiene (77-73-6; 52/44), n-tridecane (629-50-5; 42/54), 2-methyl-butane (78-78-4; 42/52) |
Alcohols | 1-propanol (71-23-8; 96/86), 2-methyl-2-propanol (75-65-0; 90/90), ethanol (64-17-5; 88/86), propofol (2078-54-8; 78/76), 2-propanol (67-63-0; 70/70), 3-methyl-1-butanol (123-51-3; 62/84), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (104-76-7; 40/58) |
Aldehydes | nonanal (124-19-6; 78/86), butanal (123-72-8; 62/84), pentanal (110-62-3; 58/52), decanal (112-31-2; 54/62), dodecanal (112-54-9; 46/52) |
Aromatics | benzaldehyde (100-52-7; 96/100), toluene (108-88-3; 92/100), p-xylene (106-42-3; 92/100), o-xylene (95-47-6; 80/76), benzonitrile (100-47-0; 74/74), ethylbenzene (100-41-4; 74/72) |
Ketones | 2-butanone (78-93-3; 96/100), 2-pentanone (107-87-9; 92/100), acetone (67-64-1; 82/96), 2,3-butanedione (431-03-8; 80/86), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (110-93-0; 50/50), cyclohexanone (108-94-1; 34/58) |
Volatile sulfur compounds | dimethyl sulfide (75-18-3; 88/86), carbon disulfide (75-15-0, 88/76), methyl thiolacetate (1534-08-3; 58/50) |
Heterocyclics | pyridine (110-86-1; 94/98), pyrrole (109-97-7; 70/86) |
Terpenes | d-limonene (5989-27-5; 60/74), alpha-pinene (80-56-8; 50/40) |
Esters | ethyl acetate (141-78-6; 84/88) |
Other | acetoin (513-86-0; 66/74) |
VOC | CAS | Change T vs. N | Incidence [%] | Mean [ppb] | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor | Normal | Tumor | Normal | ||||
2-butanone | 78-93-3 | ↓ | 96 | 100 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 0.01 |
1-propanol | 71-23-8 | ↑ | 96 | 86 | 53 | 17 | 0.01 |
pyridine | 110-86-1 | ↑ | 94 | 98 | 88 | 44 | 4.1 × 10−3 |
2-pentanone | 107-87-9 | ↓ | 92 | 100 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 0.01 |
2-methyl-2-propanol | 75-65-0 | ↓ | 90 | 90 | 2.7 | 6.3 | 9.8 × 10−6 |
ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | ↓ | 84 | 88 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 8.5 × 10−5 |
isoprene | 78-79-5 | ↗ | 72 | 76 | nq | nq | 0.03 |
3-methyl-1-butanol | 123-51-3 | ↓ | 62 | 84 | 0.39 | 1.0 | 4.3 × 10−3 |
d-limonene | 5989-27-5 | ↓ | 60 | 74 | 3 | 4.5 | 0.03 |
methyl thiolacetate | 1534-08-3 | ↗ | 58 | 50 | nq | nq | 5.9 × 10−4 |
tetradecane | 629-59-4 | ↙ | 58 | 64 | nq | nq | 0.04 |
dodecanal | 112-54-9 | ↙ | 46 | 52 | nq | nq | 0.04 |
tridecane | 629-50-5 | ↙ | 42 | 54 | nq | nq | 3.3 × 10−3 |
2-ethyl-1-hexanol | 104-76-7 | ↓ | 40 | 58 | 5 | 1.0 | 0.03 |
cyclohexanone | 108-94-1 | ↓ | 34 | 58 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.02 |
Gender | n | % | Age Range (Median) | CRC Stage | Cancer Differentiation Grade | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
Males | 30 | 60% | 35–84 (72) | 8 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 3 |
Females | 20 | 40% | 50–85 (72) | 7 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 4 |
Total | 50 | 100% | 35–85 (72) | 15 | 22 | 11 | 2 | 11 | 32 | 7 |
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Mezmale, L.; Leja, M.; Lescinska, A.M.; Pčolkins, A.; Kononova, E.; Bogdanova, I.; Polaka, I.; Stonans, I.; Kirsners, A.; Ager, C.; et al. Identification of Volatile Markers of Colorectal Cancer from Tumor Tissues Using Volatilomic Approach. Molecules 2023, 28, 5990. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165990
Mezmale L, Leja M, Lescinska AM, Pčolkins A, Kononova E, Bogdanova I, Polaka I, Stonans I, Kirsners A, Ager C, et al. Identification of Volatile Markers of Colorectal Cancer from Tumor Tissues Using Volatilomic Approach. Molecules. 2023; 28(16):5990. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165990
Chicago/Turabian StyleMezmale, Linda, Marcis Leja, Anna Marija Lescinska, Andrejs Pčolkins, Elina Kononova, Inga Bogdanova, Inese Polaka, Ilmars Stonans, Arnis Kirsners, Clemens Ager, and et al. 2023. "Identification of Volatile Markers of Colorectal Cancer from Tumor Tissues Using Volatilomic Approach" Molecules 28, no. 16: 5990. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165990