Effect of Chemical Refining on the Reduction of β-Carboline Content in Sesame Seed Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of Sesame Seed Oil Refining Process on the Content of β-Carboline Compounds
2.2. Effect of Different Types of Adsorbents on the Removal of β-Carbolines from Sesame Seed Oil
2.3. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage on the Removal of β-Carbolines from Sesame Seed Oil
2.4. Effects of Different Types of Activated Carbons on the Removal of β-Carbolines from Sesame Seed Oil
2.5. Removal of β-Carbolines from Sesame Seed Oil Using Blended Decolorizers
2.6. Changes in Basic Physicochemical Properties of Sesame Seed Oil Refining Process
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Roasting Treatment and Extraction of Oil from Sesame Seeds
3.2.2. Hydration Degumming
3.2.3. Alkali Refining Deacidification
3.2.4. Adsorption Decolorization
3.2.5. Distillation Deodorization
3.2.6. Extraction and Purification of HAAs
3.2.7. LC/MS Analysis of HAAs
3.2.8. Physicochemical Properties of Sesame Seed Oil
3.2.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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HAA (μg/kg) | Crude Oil | Degummed | Deacidified | Bleached | Deodorized |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AαC | ND b | ND | ND | ND | ND |
MeAαC | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Trp-P-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
DMIP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Glu-P-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
MeIQ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
MeIQx | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
IQ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PhIP | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
4,8-DiMeIQx | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
7,8-DiMeIQx | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Harman | 301 ± 3 | 274 ± 2 | 242 ± 4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.52 ± 0.04 |
Norharman | 251 ± 3 | 229 ± 1 | 176 ± 4 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.02 |
Trp-P-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Oil Sample | Acid Value | Peroxide Value |
---|---|---|
(mg/g) | (mmol/kg) | |
Crude oil | 1.7 ± 0.0 a | 0.037 ± 0.00 b |
Degummed oil | 1.6 ± 0.0 b | 0.069 ± 0.00 a |
Deacidified oil | 0.24 ± 0.02 c | 0.024 ± 0.00 c |
Bleached (3% blended decolorizer) oil | 0.29 ± 0.04 c | 0.037 ± 0.00 b |
Deodorized oil | 0.28 ± 0.04 c | 0.003 ± 0.00 d |
Oil Sample | L* | a* | b* |
---|---|---|---|
Crude oil | 84.64 ± 0.02 a | −9.29 ± 0.22 a | 16.55 ± 0.03 a |
Deacidified oil | 86.20 ± 0.01 b | −6.42 ± 0.02 c | 8.24 ± 0.03 c |
Deacidified oil | 86.20 ± 0.01 b | −6.42 ± 0.02 c | 8.24 ± 0.03 c |
Bleached (3% blended decolorizer) | 89.68 ± 0.02 c | 1.69 ± 0.01 d | −3.88 ± 0.06 d |
Deodorized oil | 88.77 ± 0.01 c | 1.72 ± 0.02 d | −4.47 ± 0.01 d |
HAAs | Precursor Ion [M + H]+ (m/z) | Diagnostic Productions (m/z) | Cone Voltage (V) | Collision Voltage (eV) | Dwell Time (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AαC | 184.0 | 167.2 | 108 | 32 | 30 |
140.0 | 108 | 32 | |||
MeAαC | 198.2 | 154.1 | 104 | 40 | 30 |
127.1 | 104 | 45 | |||
Trp-P-1 | 212.0 | 168.0 | 80 | 30 | 30 |
195.2 | 80 | 40 | |||
DMIP | 162.9 | 147.3 | 90 | 45 | 30 |
105.0 | 90 | 45 | |||
Glu-P-2 | 185.2 | 131.1 | 80 | 40 | 30 |
78.2 | 80 | 40 | |||
MeIQ | 213.1 | 198.0 | 100 | 35 | 30 |
144.0 | 100 | 60 | |||
MeIQx | 214.1 | 199.0 | 100 | 40 | 30 |
131.0 | 100 | 55 | |||
IQ | 199.1 | 184.0 | 100 | 40 | 30 |
157.0 | 100 | 50 | |||
PhIP | 225.3 | 210.2 | 120 | 45 | 30 |
183.2 | 120 | 50 | |||
4,8-DiMeIQx | 228.1 | 211.8 | 100 | 45 | 30 |
160.0 | 100 | 40 | |||
7,8-DiMeIQx | 228.0 | 131.3 | 100 | 55 | 30 |
213.2 | 100 | 40 | |||
4,7,8-DiMeIQx | 242.0 | 227.1 | 120 | 40 | 30 |
145.0 | 120 | 50 | |||
Harman | 183.0 | 115.0 | 120 | 50 | 30 |
168.3 | 120 | 40 | |||
Norharman | 169.2 | 115.0 | 100 | 45 | 30 |
142.0 | 100 | 40 | |||
Trp-P-2 | 198.0 | 154.0 | 60 | 40 | 30 |
128.0 | 60 | 40 |
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Shi, L.; Cui, Z.; Liu, W. Effect of Chemical Refining on the Reduction of β-Carboline Content in Sesame Seed Oil. Molecules 2023, 28, 4503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114503
Shi L, Cui Z, Liu W. Effect of Chemical Refining on the Reduction of β-Carboline Content in Sesame Seed Oil. Molecules. 2023; 28(11):4503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114503
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Lili, Ziyu Cui, and Wei Liu. 2023. "Effect of Chemical Refining on the Reduction of β-Carboline Content in Sesame Seed Oil" Molecules 28, no. 11: 4503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114503