Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes from the Leaves and Stems of Illicium simonsii and Their Antibacterial Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemistry
2.2. Antibacterial Activity
2.2.1. Antimicrobial Activity Test of the I. simonsii Extract
2.2.2. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.2.3. Time−Kill Kinetics Assay
2.2.4. Resistance Development Study
2.2.5. Hemolytic Activity
2.3. Mode of Antimicrobial Action
2.3.1. SYTOX Green Assay
2.3.2. Visualization of Bacterial Membrane Permeability
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. General Experimental Procedures
4.2. Plant Material, Separation and Purification of Compounds 1–11
4.3. Antibacterial Assays
4.3.1. Bacterial Strains and Growth Condition
4.3.2. Antimicrobial Activity by K-B Disk Diffusion Test
4.3.3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay
4.3.4. Time–Kill Kinetics Assay
4.3.5. Bacteria Resistance Study
4.3.6. Hemolytic Activity
4.4. Investigation of Antibacterial Mechanism
4.4.1. SYTOX Green Staining Assay
4.4.2. Visualization of Bacterial Membrane Permeability
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Position | 1 | 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
δH (Multi, J in Hz) | δC (Multi) | δH (Multi, J in Hz) | δC (Multi) | |
1 | – | 75.3 (s) | – | 44.2 (s) |
2 | 2.09–2.14 (m) | 38.8 (d) | 3.42 (dd, 10.6, 5.5) | 88.1 (d) |
3α | 1.61 (d, 9.3) | 36.3 (t) | 1.66 (dd, 11.8, 5.6) | 45.0 (t) |
3β | 1.48–1.51 (overlap) | 1.49 (dd, 11.4, 11.0) | ||
4 | – | 35.2 (s) | – | 36.9 (s) |
5 | 1.90–1.93 (m) | 44.9 (d) | 1.40–1.42 (overlap) | 50.6 (d) |
6α | 1.51–1.53 (m) | 20.9 (t) | 1.40–1.42 (overlap) | 20.6 (t) |
6β | 1.31–1.36 (m) | 1.29–1.32 (m) | ||
7α | 1.43–1.45 (m) | 35.9 (t) | 1.36–1.39 (m) | 33.1 (t) |
7β | 1.12–1.16 (m) | 1.09–1.11 (m) | ||
8 | – | 39.0 (s) | – | 34.8 (s) |
9 | 3.44–3.46 (m) | 72.6 (d) | 3.31 (br s) | 75.3 (d) |
10α | 1.76–1.80 (m) | 28.0 (t) | 1.58–1.61 (overlap) | 26.0 (t) |
10β | 1.96–2.01 (m) | 1.95–2.01 (m) | ||
11α | 1.73 (dd, 12.2, 5.5) | 29.2 (t) | 1.69 (dd, 13.7, 4.7) | 26.7 (t) |
11β | 1.61–1.63 (m) | 1.11–1.13 (m) | ||
12α | 1.46–1.51 (overlap) | 41.2 (t) | 0.98–1.00 (m) | 36.6 (t) |
12β | 1.46–1.51 (overlap) | 1.58–1.61 (overlap) | ||
13 | 0.98 (s) | 20.7 (q) | 0.85 (s) | 25.4 (q) |
14 | 0.10 (s) | 30.4 (q) | 1.02 (s) | 31.3 (q) |
15 | 0.91 (s) | 26.8 (q) | 0.96 (s) | 28.4 (q) |
1′ | 3.46–3.49 (m) | 57.3 (t) | 3.47–3.55 (m) | 65.8 (t) |
2′ | 1.14 (t, 7.0) | 16.0 (q) | 1.71 (t, 7.0) | 15.7 (q) |
Position | 5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
δH (Multi, J in Hz) | δC (Multi) | Position | δH (Multi, J in Hz) | δC (Multi) | |
1 | – | 72.7 (s) | 9 | 1.12 (s) | 24.3 (q) |
2 | 3.61–3.64 (m) | 71.6 (d) | 10 | 1.20 (s) | 24.4 (q) |
3α | 1.64–1.67 (dd, 13.3, 3.7) | 37.0 (t) | 1′ | 4.37 (d, 7.7) | 97.2 (d) |
3β | 2.36–2.40 (m) | ||||
4 | – | 76.3 (s) | 2′ | 3.01 (m) | 73.8 (d) |
5α | 1.93–2.03 (overlap) | 27.1 (t) | 3′ | 3.21–3.24 (m) | 76.9 (d) |
5β | 1.50–1.56 (m) | ||||
6α | 1.75–1.80 (m) | 27.2 (t) | 4′ | 3.15–3.18 (m) | 70.2 (d) |
6β | 1.93–2.03 (overlap) | ||||
7 | 0.94 (s) | 22.4 (q) | 5′ | 3.12–3.15 (m) | 76.3 (d) |
8 | – | 76.5 (s) | 6′a | 3.72–3.74 (dd, 12.0, 2.3) | 61.4 (t) |
6′b | 3.53–3.56 (dd, 11.9, 5.6) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | VAN c | MER d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aa | >128 | >128 | 128 | >128 | >128 | 4 | 8 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | 2 | ND e |
E. cb | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | >128 | ND e | 0.0625 |
Compound | Clinical Isolates of MRSA | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | M-4 | M-5 | M-6 | M-7 | M-8 | M-9 | M-10 | |
6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
7 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 |
Van a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
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Li, H.; Song, X.; Li, H.; Zhu, L.; Cao, S.; Liu, J. Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes from the Leaves and Stems of Illicium simonsii and Their Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2022, 27, 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031115
Li H, Song X, Li H, Zhu L, Cao S, Liu J. Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes from the Leaves and Stems of Illicium simonsii and Their Antibacterial Activity. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031115
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Huijuan, Xinghui Song, Huiru Li, Lifei Zhu, Shengbo Cao, and Jifeng Liu. 2022. "Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes from the Leaves and Stems of Illicium simonsii and Their Antibacterial Activity" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031115