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Article

HPLC Study of Product Formed in the Reaction of NBD-Derived Fluorescent Probe with Hydrogen Sulfide, Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and Glutathione

by
Daniel Słowiński
1,
Małgorzata Świerczyńska
1,
Jarosław Romański
2 and
Radosław Podsiadły
1,*
1
Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
2
Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8305; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238305
Submission received: 4 November 2022 / Revised: 23 November 2022 / Accepted: 25 November 2022 / Published: 28 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Colorants- 2nd Volume)
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Abstract

:
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its bioderivatives analogs, such as L-cysteine (L-Cys) and glutathione (GSH), are ubiquitous biological thiols in the physiological and pathological processes of living systems. Their aberrant concentration levels are associated with many diseases. Although several NBD-based fluorescence probes have been developed to detect biological thiols, the HPLC-detection of H2S, GSH, L-Cys, and N-acetylcysteine-specific products has not been described. Herein, a novel NBD-derived pro-coumarin probe has been synthesized and used to develop a new strategy for the triple mode detection of H2S and such thiols as GSH, L-Cys, and NAC. Hydrogen sulfide and those biothiols at physiological pH release fluorescent coumarin from the probe and cause a significant fluorescence enhancement at 473 nm. The appropriate NBD-derived product for H2S, L-Cys, GSH, and NAC has a different color and retention time that allows distinguishing these biological thiols meaning the probe has a great possibility in the biological application. Fluorescent imaging combined with colorimetric and HPLC detection of H2S/biothiol-specific product(s) brings a potential tool for confirming the presence of biological thiols and determining concentrations in various aqueous biological samples.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), L-cysteine (L-Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH) are the most common small molecular biological thiols [1]. They are closely related and have essential distinct biological and pharmacological roles in many processes [2]. Hydrogen sulfide plays a vital and physiological function in the human body [3]. That small molecule, although commonly recognized as toxic gas and environmental hazard, is now accepted as a critical, endogenously produced signaling mediator, similar to carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) [4,5]. Hydrogen sulfide rapidly travels through cell membranes without additional transporters and does not have one single pathway- it affects multiple cellular effectors in a cell or tissue-dependent manner [6]. In humans, the concentration of H2S in the body can differ according to age, the kind of tissues, and measuring methods. For example, the level of H2S in the peripheral blood is generally 30–100 μM, while the H2S level in the mammalian brain is 50–160 μmol/L [7,8]. According to current research, cells produce H2S via the enzymatic activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) [9]. Besides this synthetic pathway, H2S is also produced by the activity combination of the cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) and 3-mercaptopiruvate sulfurtransferase (MST) [10], and can also be made endogenously through nonenzymatic pathways. The glycolytic pathway can reduce thiosulfate, thiocysteine, and other sulfur-containing molecules in the blood to H2S [11].
Hydrogen sulfide is related to many physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, angiogenesis, inhibition of insulin signaling, antioxidation, and regulation of blood vessel tone. It can also effectively neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. In recent years, treatment of myocardial ischemia injury with H2S has emerged as a novel and promising strategy to protect cardiac structure and function. It was reported that H2S could directly increase the production of reduced glutathione (GSH) to affect cytoprotective effects against ROS-mediated damage [19]. However, abnormal levels of H2S are associated with human health and many diseases [20], such as diabetes [21,22], arterial and pulmonary hypertension [23], gastric mucosal damage [24], liver cirrhosis [25,26], ischemia [27], and Alzheimer’s disease [28,29].
In the last decade, some analytical methods (gas chromatography, methylene blue assay, sulfur-selective electrodes) were developed for H2S detection, but they are unsuitable for in situ analysis [30,31]. In contrast to traditional methods, techniques based on fluorescent probes could maintain better accuracy and efficiency, higher selectivity and sensitivity, and noninvasive real-time imaging [32]. Based on nucleophilic addition [33], reduction of azide or nitro group to amine [34], copper sulfide precipitation reaction [35], and thiolysis of ethers [36,37,38], a wide range of reaction-based H2S-specific probes have been developed and applied in living biological systems. In the H2S-induced thiolysis reaction, the design strategy of the H2S fluorescent probes is based on hydrosulfide anion (HS−) selectively attacking a single electrophilic position on the probe scaffold, which is followed by the removal of electrophilic functionalities to generate fluorescent signals. The fluorescence of these probes is typically protected with an incorporated strong electron-withdrawing group such as naphthoquinone [39] or nitrobenzofuran (NBD) that can be cleaved in the presence of H2S [40]. Probes derived from NBD moiety are widely applied in biological applications due to their small size and good photophysical properties in aqueous systems [41].
Nevertheless, most reported probes suffered from limitations such as narrow Stokes shift (<60 nm) or a long response time. Additionally, many probes cannot distinguish H2S from other biothiols because they all contain a sulfhydryl group with similar nucleophilic properties [42]. Therefore, searching for an effective tool capable of simultaneously monitoring the level of H2S in vivo, along with the possibility of distinguishing selected thiols, is a significant challenge. Although several NBD-based fluorescence probes have been developed to detect biothiols, the HPLC-detection of NBD-derived specific products for H2S, GSH, Cys, or NAC has not been characterized.
In this report, we describe the design of a novel fluorescent probe (NBD-O-CmCH2OH) consisting of a fluorophore of 7-hydroxy-4-(hydroxylmethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (CmCH2OH) connected via ether linkage with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) moiety. Treatment of this probe with H2S or biothiols rapidly cleaved the C-O bond to afford coumarin fluorophore and the diagnostic marker products of H2S, Cys, GSH, and NAC, easily detected by HPLC (Scheme 1). Moreover, these specific products have different spectral characteristics, resulting in different solutions’ colors. Therefore, combining non-invasive fluorescence/colorimetric monitoring with HPLC analyses to detect H2S/biothiols-specific products will provide more detailed information on the species identity.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of the Probe and H2S/Biothiols-Specific Product

First, we designed and synthesized a pro-coumarin NBD-derived probe to develop the strategy for triple mode detection of H2S and biothiols (GSH, Cys, NAC). Previously reported NBD-coumarin probes [43,44,45,46,47] were used in aqueous solutions with the addition of a large amount (above 30% v/v) of organic co-solvent. To improve the probe’s solubility, we choose fluorophore 7-hydroxy-4-(hydroxylmethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (CmCH2OH) with an additional hydroxyl group. The probe was obtained using the three-step route with a good yield (Scheme 2). 4-Chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin CmCH2Cl was synthesized from commercially available ethyl (2-chloroaceto)acetate and resorcinol [48]. Next, the product was converted into fluorophore CmCH2OH [49]. Finally, the probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH in 69% yield was prepared by coupling CmCH2OH with NBD-Cl in the presence of triethylamine.
7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-thiol (NBD-SH) was synthesized from NBD-Cl and sodium sulfide. Biothiols-specific products, 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-glutathione (NBD-GSH), 7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-cysteine (NBD-Cys), N-acetyl-S-(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)cysteine (NBD-NAC) were obtained by mixing NBD-Cl with an excess of proper biothiol (Scheme 3) at room temperature in the presence of triethylamine. The structure of all synthesized products was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectroscopy (see Supplementary Materials, Figures S6–S25). The absorbance and emission profiles of CmCH2OH, probe, and NBD-Cl are illustrated in Figure S1.

2.2. Spectral Response of NBD-O-CmCH2OH toward Na2S and Biothiols

Several coumarin-based compounds containing the NBD moiety as the sensing group have been used as fluorescent probes for the thiol species (GSH, Cys, Hcy, H2S) [43,44,45,46,47]. In our research, we also decided to test the reactivity of the probe toward the cysteine pro-drug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Our results in Figure 1 and Figure S2 confirmed that studied sulfhydryl compounds could release the fluorescent coumarin from NBD-O-CmCH2OH. The fluorescent signal reaches a plateau within 10 min in phosphate buffer (PB buffer) containing 10% acetonitrile (MeCN) (v/v). The time-dependent fluorescence at 473 nm was used to determine reaction kinetics. The pseudo-first-order rates (kobs) were found by fitting the data with a single exponential function (Figure S2). The determined kinetic parameters (Table 1) also show that the tested probe reacts with thiols at similar rate constants. These results indicated that the NBD-based probe could respond efficiently with micromolar-tested biothiols under physiological conditions.
Next, we investigated the colorimetric responses of NBD-O-CmCH2OH in the absence and presence of thiol species. The electronic absorption spectra recorded after the bolus addition of sulfhydryl compounds are presented in Figure 2.
As shown in Figure 2, the probe (dark line) displayed an absorption peak at 375 nm. A common feature was that an absorption peak at 324 nm was observed after treatment of NBD-O-CmCH2OH with Na2S and biothiols. Moreover, the reaction between NBD-O-CmCH2OH and thiol species led to a new absorption band(s) located at the wavelength listed in Table 2. Based on the previous articles [44,46], the individual absorption bands were assigned to the specific products formed during the reaction between thiols and probe. Reaction with: (i) Na2S gave NBD-SH, (ii) L-Cys formed NBD-Cys adduct exhibiting the absorption of 475 nm consistent with the formation of amino-bound NBD, (iii) GSH generated NBD-GSH compound with the absorption of 418 nm consistent with the formation of sulfur-bound NBD and (iv) NAC formed NBD-NAC adduct with the absorption bands centered at 424 and 543 nm.
The results show that the colorimetric analysis of single biothiols can give satisfactory results. NBD-coumarin probe can differentiate H2S from GSH, L-Cys, and NAC, or sulfur species (S2O42−, SO32−, HSO3−), when only single components were analyzed (Figure 3). However, in a mixture of thiol species, their colorimetric identification may lead to wrong conclusions, especially when we intend to study in this way the influence of NAC on the level of GSH, H2S, or L-Cys. In addition, we compared the change in fluorescence intensity during the reaction of NBD-Cl with analytes and the probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH with analytes. (Figure S4).

2.3. HPLC and Fluorescence Measurements

Over the last decade, it has been emphasized that fluorescent identification of analyte formed in cells is practically impossible without employing HPLC- or LC-MS-based methods to detect analyte-specific product(s) [39]. Therefore, we have developed HPLC-based methods to detect the specific reaction products of the NBD-O-CmCH2OH probe with the tested thiols. Each of these reactions produces a fluorescent coumarin CmCH2OH (retention time 1.95 min) and NBD-specific adducts: NBD-SH (2.99 min), NBD-GSH (2.50 min), NBD-NAC (3.25 min), and NBD-Cys (3.45 min) (Figure 4A). A comparison of the retention time of the authentic standards, which were obtained by reacting NBD-Cl with an appropriate biothiol, confirms that these NBD adducts are the only products found in the reaction mixture (Figure 4B). NBD-SH, NBD-GSH, and NBD-NAC are S-bound NBD adducts. The S-bound NBD product of L-Cys is unstable and, in the presence of an excess of L-Cys, can quickly change into the corresponding N-bound NBD product via a unique nucleophilic aromatic substitution-intramolecular Smiles rearrangement, which we show later in this work (Scheme 4). Using our probe in conjunction with the HPLC technique, we can detect the presence of specific biothiol in a mixture.
Next, we examined the stoichiometry of the probe reaction with the tested compounds. We used two methods to determine the reaction’s stoichiometry between the probe and tested thiols. Initially, HPLC titration of NBD-O-CmCH2OH with increasing concentration of Na2S and studied biothiols were performed. Chromatograms (Figure 5A) show the slow disappearance of the probe (NBD-O-CmCH2OH, rt = 4.15 min) and the formation of a fluorescence product with a retention time of 1.95 min. A comparison of the retention time of the authentic standard of 7-hydroxy-4-(hydroxylmethyl)-coumarin (CmCH2OH) confirms that this coumarin is one of the products found in the reaction mixture. Our stoichiometric analysis (Figure 5B) showed that three equivalents of Na2S completely consumed the NBD-O-CmCH2OH probe.
In addition, the concentration-dependent fluorescence measurements of NBD-O-CmCH2OH toward Na2S, L-Cys, GSH, and NAC were performed. Recorded emission spectra showed gradual enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 473 nm with an increased concentration of biothiols (Figure 6). Using these fluorescence measurements, the detection limits (LOD = 3.3σ/S) of NBD-O-CmCH2OH for H2S, L-Cys, GSH, and NAC were calculated on 140 nM, 26 nM, 60 nM, and 32 nM, respectively (Table 1). The dependence of the fluorescence intensity on the added thiol concentration shows that the emission of the probe reaches a maximum for various concentrations of Na2S and biothiols. To get the emission plateau, four equivalents of Na2S and one equivalent of biothiol are needed.
We also recorded HPLC chromatograms during the reaction of the NBD-O-CmCH2OH probe with various biothiols (Figure 7). The stoichiometric analysis showed that all tested biothiols entirely consumed the NBD-derived probe. The maximum yield of CmCH2OH was achieved when the probe was reacted with a slight excess of the biothiols consistent with the 1:1 or 1:2 stoichiometry. The probe reacting with 0.5 equivalent of L-Cys gives a fluorescent coumarin and a new product with a retention time of 4.5 min, which can be assigned to NBD-S-Cys. The stoichiometric amount of L-Cys caused a significant disappearance of this product and the formation of a proper NBD-Cys adduct with a retention time of 3.5 min. The addition of two equivalents of L-Cys caused the complete conversion of NBD-S-Cys to NBD-Cys (Figure 7A). These studies confirm that the S-bound NBD adduct of L-Cys can undergo intramolecular rearrangement under these conditions. Moreover, we do not observe any intermediate products during the probe’s reaction with GSH or NAC (Figure 7B,C). These thiols could not induce this intramolecular rearrangement reaction due to the lack of a proximal NH2 or blocked amino group. For better visualization of the formation of specific NBD adducts, we also recorded the HPLC chromatogram at 420 nm (Figure S5).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials and Instruments

All reagents for synthesis were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without purification. Distilled water was used throughout all experiments. 1H NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded with a Bruker Avance III 600 using as solvent DMSO-d6 or CD3OD. High-resolution mass spectra were taken on using Synapt G2-Si mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and time of flight (TOF) analyzer. UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded on a Jasco V-670 spectrophotometer. Fluorescence spectra were recorded using FLS-920 (Edinburgh Instruments, UK) with excitation and emission slit widths of 1 nm. HPLC chromatograms were obtained using UFLC Shimadzu equipped with UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence detector. Analyses were done using a Kinetex C18 column (Phenomenex 100 mm × 46 mm, 2.6 µm) equilibrated with 10% MeCN in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).

3.2. Synthesis

The synthetic pathway starting from resorcinol toward NBD-O-CmCH2OH is depicted in Scheme 2. The 4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (CmCH2Cl) and 7-hydroxy-4-(hydroxylmethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (CmCH2OH) were prepared according to a slightly modified procedure described elsewhere [48,49]. The following derivatives of NBD, such as NBD-SH, NBD-Cys, NBD-GSH, and NBD-NAC, were obtained by the straightforward synthesis depicted in Scheme 3.

3.2.1. Synthesis of 4-Chloromethyl-7-Hydroxycoumarin (CmCH2Cl)

A solution of resorcinol (3.30 g, 30 mmol) in ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (5.52 mL, 40 mmol) was added dropwise to cooled, concentrated sulfuric acid (20 mL) at 5 °C. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was poured into ice water, and the precipitate was collected by suction filtration and washed with cold water, dried to afford pure CmCH2Cl as a colorless solid (5.14 g, 82%), Rf = 0.89 (DCM:MeOH 17:3, v/v), m.p. 187–188 °C (186–188 °C [48]). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.96 (2H, s); 6.42 (1H, s); 6.76 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz); 6.85 (1H, dd, J1 = 6.6 Hz, J2 = 2.4 Hz); 7.68 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); 10.64 (1H, s); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 41.8; 103.0; 109.8; 111.5; 113.6; 127.0; 151.4; 155.8; 160.6; 161.9; HRMS [M-H]- for C10H6ClO3 209.0005, found 209.0010.

3.2.2. Synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-(Hydroxylmethyl)-2H-Chromen-2-One (CmCH2OH)

CmCH2Cl (1.5 g, 7 mmol) was added to water (100 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 48 h, then filtered while hot and cooled to room temperature to yield a white precipitate. The product was filtered, washed with a large amount of cold water, and chromatographed on silica gel (DCM:MeOH 17:3, v/v) to give CmCH2OH as a white solid (Rf = 0.78, 1.2 g, 89%), m.p. 213–217 °C (216–218 °C [49]). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.71 (2H, s); 5.57 (1H, s); 6.25 (1H, s); 6.73 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz); 6.77 (1H, dd, J1 = 6.0 Hz, J2 = 2.4 Hz); 7.68 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 59.5; 102.8; 107.1; 110.1; 113.3; 125.9; 155.4; 157.2; 161.1; 161.5; HRMS [M-H]- for C10H7O4 191.0344, found 191.0343.

3.2.3. Synthesis of 7-Nitrobenzofurazan Ether-4-Hydroxylmethylcoumarin (NBD-O-CmCH2OH)

CmCH2OH (0.15g, 0.78 mmol) and triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.6 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (30 mL), and next, NBD-Cl (0.16 g, 0.8 mmol) was added in one portion to the flask, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 h. After removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using DCM:MeOH (17:3, v/v) to afford pure NBD-O-CmCH2OH as a yellow solid (Rf = 0.85 (DCM:MeOH 17:3, v/v), 0.19 g, 69%), m.p. 215–217 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.81 (2H, s); 5.73 (1H, s); 6.51 (1H, s); 7.02 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); 7.42 (1H, dd, J1 = 6.6 Hz, J2 = 2.4 Hz); 7.91 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 8.68 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 59.6; 109.3; 110.9; 112.3; 116.2; 117.1; 127.2; 131.7; 135.6; 144.9; 145.9; 152.2; 154.8; 156.0; 156.5; 160.2; HRMS [M + H]+ for C16H10N3O7 = 356.0519, found 356.0528.

3.2.4. Synthesis of 7-Nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]Oxadiazole-4-Thiol (NBD-SH)

4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (NBD-Cl, 0.1 g, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of MeOH. Next, anhydrous Na2S (0.078 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of MeOH and slowly added to the solution of NBD-Cl. The reaction mixture changed from yellow to deep purple and was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Next, the MeOH was removed under a vacuum to afford the desired product as dark purple powder. The final product was purified by chromatography on SiO2 using DCM:MeOH (17:3, v/v) (0.079 g, 82%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 5.75 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz); 8.25 (1H, d, J = 10.2 Hz); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 111.5; 115.6; 123.1; 138.3; 147.2; 148.6; HRMS [M-H]- for C6H2N3O3S: 195.9817, found 195.9820.

3.2.5. Synthesis of 4-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazole (NBD) Derived Compounds: NBD-Cys, NBD-GSH, NBD-NAC

NBD-Cl (0.15 g, 0.7 mmol) and triethylamine (0.146 mL, 1.05 mmol) were added to EtOH (20 mL), and then a solution of proper biothiol (1.4 mmol) in 5 mL of water was added to the flask. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3h at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with cold ethanol to give a crude product which was then purified by chromatography on SiO2 using DCM:MeOH (17:3, v/v).
NBD-Cys (cysteine derivative): orange solid, yield 85%; 1H NMR (CD3OD, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 3.66 (1H, br. s); 4.55 (2H, br. s); 6.42 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz); 8.52 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); HRMS [M-H]- for C9H7N4O5S: 283.0137 found 283.0141.
NBD-GSH (glutathione derivative): yellow solid, yield 68%; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.90–1.98 (2H, m); 2.36 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz); 3.38 (2H, t, J = 6.0 Hz); 3.53–3.57 (2H, m); 3.76–3.80 (2H, m); 4.72–4.75 (2H, m); 7.64 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz); 8.59 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz); 8,75; 8,81 (2H, d-like); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 27.1; 31.8; 33.5; 41.8; 51.6; 53.5; 123.1; 132.8; 132.9; 139.6; 143.1; 149.6; 170.2; 171.1; 171.3; 173.8; HRMS [M-H]- for C16H17N6O9S: 469.0778, found 469.0785.
NBD-NAC (N-acetylcysteine derivative): brown solid, yield 73%; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz) δ (ppm): 1.87 (3H, s); 2.53 (2H, d-like); 4.66 (1H, d-like); 7.60 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz); 8.53 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz); 8.60 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 151 MHz) δ (ppm): 22.8; 33.0; 52.1; 123.3; 132.8; 133.0; 139.3; 143.1; 149.7; 170.1; 171.7; HRMS [M-H]- for C11H9N4O6S: 325.0243, found 325.0244.

3.3. UV-Vis, Fluorescent, and HPLC Analysis

All spectroscopic measurements were performed in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing 10% MeCN at room temperature. Probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH and fluorescent standard CmCH2OH were dissolved in MeCN to prepare 1 mM solutions. Before each experiment probe was diluted with phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4 with 10% MeCN) to afford the final concentration. Sodium sulfide (Na2S) was selected as a H2S donor. The stock solution of Na2S (1 mM) in PB buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) was always prepared before experiments. To evaluate hydrogen sulfide concentration in phosphate buffer, we used Ellman’s reagent, i.e., 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), and a detailed procedure is described in our previous paper [39]. Aqueous stock solutions (1 mM) of an amino acid (Cys, GSH, NAC) and sodium salts (SO42−, S2O42−, SO32−, HSO3−) were prepared using deionized water. All measurements were performed in a 3.5 mL quartz cuvette with a 2 mL solution. The reaction mixture was shaken uniformly at room temperature before recording spectra. For fluorescence measurement, the excitation wavelength was set at 320 nm. The adjustment slit was 1 nm/1 nm for each fluorescence measurement. The standards and products formed in the reaction of NBD-O-CmCH2OH with H2S and tested biothiols were eluted by an increase of MeCN concentration from 10 to 100% over 12 min at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The HPLC trace of NBD-O-CmCH2OH and CmCH2OH formed in reaction with H2S was detected by monitoring the absorption at 330 nm. HPLC traces of NBD-SH and NBD-Cys, NBD-GSH, and NBD-NAC were detected by monitoring absorption at 530 nm and 420 nm, respectively.

4. Conclusions

In the current investigations, a coumarin analog fluorescent probe has been applied to indicate the hydrogen sulfide and the naturally occurring biothiols (cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione). The design and synthesis were described, and the NBD-derived probe was reacted with H2S, L-Cys, NAC, and GSH to show similar rate constants. The differences in the stoichiometry of the probe response to H2S, GSH, L-Cys, and NAC are reflected in the detection limits. The probe’s ether bond cleavage by the corresponding biothiol releases the coumarin fluorophore and produces thiol-NBD adducts. The appropriate NBD-derived products with H2S, Cys, NAC, and GSH possess various colors and retention times that distinguish those biological thiols. We also confirmed that intramolecular rearrangement is only possible for the adduct formed during the reaction of the probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH with L-Cys. The resulting NBD-S-Cys cleavage product can rapidly transform to create a new NBD-Cys adduct only when excess L-Cysteine is used.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27238305/s1, The document provides additional data, including 1H, 13C NMR, HRMS spectra, spectrophotometric, and HPLC study [45,53,54,55,56,57,58,59].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.S.; methodology, D.S. and R.P.; formal analysis, D.S.; investigation, D.S. and M.Ś.; resources, D.S. and R.P.; writing—original draft preparation, D.S.; writing—review and editing, R.P. and J.R.; supervision, R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Center for Research and Development (Warsaw, Poland) within the grant InterChemMed (POWR.03.02.00–00-I029/16).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the all synthesized compounds are available from the authors.

Abbreviations

H2Shydrogen sulfide
NACN-acetylcysteine
GSHglutathione
CysL-Cysteine
NBD-Cl4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole
NBD-GSH7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-glutathione
NBD-NACN-acetyl-S-(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)cysteine
NBD-Cys7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-cysteine
CmCH2Cl4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin
CmCH2OH7-hydroxy-4-(hydroxylmethyl)-2H-chromen-2-one
NBD-O-CmCH2OH7-nitrobenzofurazan ether-4-hydroxylmethylcoumarin
MeCNacetonitrile
PB bufferphosphate buffer
Na2Ssodium sulfide

References

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Molecules 27 08305 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH and proposed reaction with biothiols.
Scheme 1. Probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH and proposed reaction with biothiols.
Molecules 27 08305 sch001
Molecules 27 08305 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of probe NBD-O-CmCH2-OH. Reagents and conditions: (i) ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, H2SO4, 5 °C, 2 h; (ii) water, reflux, 48 h; (iii) NBD-Cl, Et3N, room temperature, 8 h.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of probe NBD-O-CmCH2-OH. Reagents and conditions: (i) ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, H2SO4, 5 °C, 2 h; (ii) water, reflux, 48 h; (iii) NBD-Cl, Et3N, room temperature, 8 h.
Molecules 27 08305 sch002
Molecules 27 08305 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of NBD-derived compounds. Reagents and conditions: (i) Na2S, MeOH, room temperature, 0.5 h; (ii) NAC, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h; (iii) L-Cys, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h; (iv) GSH, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of NBD-derived compounds. Reagents and conditions: (i) Na2S, MeOH, room temperature, 0.5 h; (ii) NAC, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h; (iii) L-Cys, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h; (iv) GSH, EtOH/H2O 4:1 (v/v), room temperature, 3 h.
Molecules 27 08305 sch003
Molecules 27 08305 g001 550
Figure 1. The time-dependent fluorescence intensity at 473 nm for NBD-O-CmCH2OH (5 µM) in the absence or the presence of various thiol species (50 µM) in PB buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, containing 10% MeCN, v/v).
Figure 1. The time-dependent fluorescence intensity at 473 nm for NBD-O-CmCH2OH (5 µM) in the absence or the presence of various thiol species (50 µM) in PB buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, containing 10% MeCN, v/v).
Molecules 27 08305 g001
Molecules 27 08305 g002 550
Figure 2. Absorption spectral changes of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (30 µM) responses to various concentrations of (A) Na2S (0–180 µM); (B) L-Cys (0–150 µM); (C) GSH (0–150 µM), (D) NAC (0–150 µM) in PB buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, with 10% MeCN, v/v). Spectra were recorded after 10 min of incubation at room temperature.
Figure 2. Absorption spectral changes of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (30 µM) responses to various concentrations of (A) Na2S (0–180 µM); (B) L-Cys (0–150 µM); (C) GSH (0–150 µM), (D) NAC (0–150 µM) in PB buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, with 10% MeCN, v/v). Spectra were recorded after 10 min of incubation at room temperature.
Molecules 27 08305 g002
Molecules 27 08305 g003 550
Figure 3. The UV-vis absorption spectra of probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH (7.5 µM) upon the addition of 5 equivalents of various (A) sulfur species and (B) biothiols in MeCN-PB (1:9 v/v, pH 7.4). (C) Photograph of the probe in the presence of different analytes.
Figure 3. The UV-vis absorption spectra of probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH (7.5 µM) upon the addition of 5 equivalents of various (A) sulfur species and (B) biothiols in MeCN-PB (1:9 v/v, pH 7.4). (C) Photograph of the probe in the presence of different analytes.
Molecules 27 08305 g003
Molecules 27 08305 g004 550
Figure 4. (A) HPLC chromatogram recorded at 330 nm of the standards and the reactions products of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with various biothiols (each 300 µM). (B) HPLC chromatogram recorded at 530 nm of the NBD-SH standard and the reaction mixtures of probe and NBC-Cl (60 µM) with Na2S (300 µM). The incubation time was 15 min.
Figure 4. (A) HPLC chromatogram recorded at 330 nm of the standards and the reactions products of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with various biothiols (each 300 µM). (B) HPLC chromatogram recorded at 530 nm of the NBD-SH standard and the reaction mixtures of probe and NBC-Cl (60 µM) with Na2S (300 µM). The incubation time was 15 min.
Molecules 27 08305 g004
Molecules 27 08305 sch004 550
Scheme 4. The proposed sensing mechanism of NBD-O-CmCH2OH for H2S, NAC, L-Cys, and GSH.
Scheme 4. The proposed sensing mechanism of NBD-O-CmCH2OH for H2S, NAC, L-Cys, and GSH.
Molecules 27 08305 sch004
Molecules 27 08305 g005 550
Figure 5. (A) HPLC chromatogram of the standards (60 µM) and reaction mixtures of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with Na2S (0–300 µM) after 15 min incubation. The traces were collected using an absorption detector set at 330 nm. (B) HPLC-based titration of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with Na2S after 15 min of incubation in solution. Data are means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments.
Figure 5. (A) HPLC chromatogram of the standards (60 µM) and reaction mixtures of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with Na2S (0–300 µM) after 15 min incubation. The traces were collected using an absorption detector set at 330 nm. (B) HPLC-based titration of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with Na2S after 15 min of incubation in solution. Data are means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments.
Molecules 27 08305 g005
Molecules 27 08305 g006 550
Figure 6. Emission spectra of probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH (7.5 µM) in the presence of various concentrations of (A) Na2S (0–45 µM), (B) L-Cys (0–37.5 µM), (C) GSH (0–37.5 µM), (D) NAC (0–37.5 µM) in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, with 10% MeCN, v/v). Spectra were recorded after 10 min of incubation at room temperature.
Figure 6. Emission spectra of probe NBD-O-CmCH2OH (7.5 µM) in the presence of various concentrations of (A) Na2S (0–45 µM), (B) L-Cys (0–37.5 µM), (C) GSH (0–37.5 µM), (D) NAC (0–37.5 µM) in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4, with 10% MeCN, v/v). Spectra were recorded after 10 min of incubation at room temperature.
Molecules 27 08305 g006
Molecules 27 08305 g007 550
Figure 7. HPLC chromatogram and the HPLC based-titration of the reaction mixtures of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with (A) L-Cys (0–180 µM), (B) GSH (0–180 µM), (C) NAC (0–180 µM) after 15 min incubation. The traces were collected using an absorption detector set at 330 nm.
Figure 7. HPLC chromatogram and the HPLC based-titration of the reaction mixtures of NBD-O-CmCH2OH (60 µM) with (A) L-Cys (0–180 µM), (B) GSH (0–180 µM), (C) NAC (0–180 µM) after 15 min incubation. The traces were collected using an absorption detector set at 330 nm.
Molecules 27 08305 g007
Table
Table 1. Rate constants and limit of detection for reactions of hydrogen sulfide and the low-molecular-weight thiols cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and glutathione with the studied probe.
Table 1. Rate constants and limit of detection for reactions of hydrogen sulfide and the low-molecular-weight thiols cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and glutathione with the studied probe.
kobs (103 s−1)LOD (nM)
H2S (pKa 7.0 a)3.02140
GSH (pKa 8.66 b)4.0060
L-Cys (pKa 8.33 b)5.6426
NAC (pKa 9.43 c)2.532
a from [50]; b from [51]; c from [52].
Table
Table 2. Characteristic absorption bands and retention times of thiol-specific products formed in the reaction of NBD-O-CmCH2OH with H2S, GSH, L-Cys, and NAC.
Table 2. Characteristic absorption bands and retention times of thiol-specific products formed in the reaction of NBD-O-CmCH2OH with H2S, GSH, L-Cys, and NAC.
Thiol-Specific Productλmax (nm)Retention Time (min)
NBD-SH5412.99
NBD-GSH4182.50
NBD-Cys4753.45
NBD-NAC543, 4243.25
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Słowiński, D.; Świerczyńska, M.; Romański, J.; Podsiadły, R. HPLC Study of Product Formed in the Reaction of NBD-Derived Fluorescent Probe with Hydrogen Sulfide, Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and Glutathione. Molecules 2022, 27, 8305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238305

AMA Style

Słowiński D, Świerczyńska M, Romański J, Podsiadły R. HPLC Study of Product Formed in the Reaction of NBD-Derived Fluorescent Probe with Hydrogen Sulfide, Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and Glutathione. Molecules. 2022; 27(23):8305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238305

Chicago/Turabian Style

Słowiński, Daniel, Małgorzata Świerczyńska, Jarosław Romański, and Radosław Podsiadły. 2022. "HPLC Study of Product Formed in the Reaction of NBD-Derived Fluorescent Probe with Hydrogen Sulfide, Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and Glutathione" Molecules 27, no. 23: 8305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238305

APA Style

Słowiński, D., Świerczyńska, M., Romański, J., & Podsiadły, R. (2022). HPLC Study of Product Formed in the Reaction of NBD-Derived Fluorescent Probe with Hydrogen Sulfide, Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and Glutathione. Molecules, 27(23), 8305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238305

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