Modulation of Renal Function in a Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model by Antioxidants in Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Antioxidant Enzymes
3. Discussion
3.1. Physiological Characteristics of the MS Model
3.2. Effect of a 2% HSL Infusion on the Kidney Function in MS
3.3. Renal Vascular Resistance
3.4. Oxidant/Antioxidant Effect of the HSL Infusion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. HSL Infusion
4.3. Albuminuria and Creatinine Depuration
4.4. Isolated Perfused Kidney
4.5. Serum Sample
4.6. Biochemical Variables
4.7. Kidney Homogenate
4.8. Lipid Peroxidation
4.9. Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacity
4.10. Vitamin C
4.11. Carbonylation
4.12. GSH Concentration
4.13. NO3−/NO2− Ratio
4.14. Superoxide Dismutase, Peroxidase and Catalase Activities in Native Gels
4.15. Enzymes That Use Glutathione and/or Oxidized Glutathione
4.16. Histopathological Analysis
4.17. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Variables | Control | MS | MS + HSL |
---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 114.7 ± 6.8 | 113.5 ± 5.0 | 118.5 ± 4.9 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 17.6 ± 1.2 ** | 11.6 ± 1.1 * |
HOMA index | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 9.9 ± 1.8 ** | 4.2 ± 0.3 * |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 52.5 ± 4.6 | 139.5 ± 25.6 ** | 74.1 ± 5.9 * |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.1 ± 2.1 | 51.5 ± 1.7 | 51.2 ± 0.8 |
Intra-abdominal fat (g) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 11.6 ± 1.3 ** | 6.1 ± 0.4 * |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.1 ± 4.9 | 140.1 ± 6.9 ** | 132.2 ± 4.4 * |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 13.5 ± 7.8 ** | 3.6 ± 0.8 * |
Body mass (g) | 397.8 ± 26.6 | 556.8 ± 14.1 * | 425.0 ± 27.6 * |
Variables | Control | MS | MS + HSL |
---|---|---|---|
Drinking wáter (mL/24 h) | 18.12 ± 2.30 | 58.75 ± 5.06 ** | 35.00 ± 5.08 § |
Weight of the right kidney (g) | 1.27 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.08 † | 1.30 ± 0.04 * |
Urine (mL/24 h) | 13.62 ± 2.53 | 24.00 ± 4.20 * | 27.00 ± 3.33 |
UCr (mg/dL) | 12.32 ± 1.29 | 3.95 ± 0.36 ** | 6.76 ± 1.19 |
SCr (mg/dL) | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.03 ** | 0.40 ± 0.02 § |
CCr (mL/min) | 2.51 ± 0.35 | 1.45 ± 0.15 ** | 2.79 ± 0.55 * |
Albuminuria (mg/mL) | 32.28 ± 5.54 | 74.67 ± 8.57 ** | 43.08 ± 7.54 § |
Variables (mg of Protein) | Control | MS | MS + HSL |
---|---|---|---|
LPO (MDA nmol) | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.03 *** | 0.45 ± 0.05 †† |
Carbonylation (ng carbonyls) | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 *** | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
NO3− and NO2− (nM) | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 † | 0.10 ± 0.00 § |
GSH (μmol) | 0.0014 ± 0.0001 | 0.0009 ± 0.0001 † | 0.0013 ± 0.0000 ** |
TAC (Trolox nmol) | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.01 † | 0.60 ± 0.01 |
Vit C (μM) | 0.021 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.001 * | 0.018 ± 0.000 * |
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Rodríguez-Fierros, F.L.; Guarner-Lans, V.; Soto, M.E.; Manzano-Pech, L.; Díaz-Díaz, E.; Soria-Castro, E.; Rubio-Ruiz, M.E.; Jiménez-Trejo, F.; Pérez-Torres, I. Modulation of Renal Function in a Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model by Antioxidants in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Molecules 2021, 26, 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072074
Rodríguez-Fierros FL, Guarner-Lans V, Soto ME, Manzano-Pech L, Díaz-Díaz E, Soria-Castro E, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Jiménez-Trejo F, Pérez-Torres I. Modulation of Renal Function in a Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model by Antioxidants in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072074
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Fierros, Félix Leao, Verónica Guarner-Lans, María Elena Soto, Linaloe Manzano-Pech, Eulises Díaz-Díaz, Elizabeth Soria-Castro, María Esther Rubio-Ruiz, Francisco Jiménez-Trejo, and Israel Pérez-Torres. 2021. "Modulation of Renal Function in a Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model by Antioxidants in Hibiscus sabdariffa L." Molecules 26, no. 7: 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072074