Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characteristics of Secondary Metabolites
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Habitat Characteristics and Plant Material
3.2. Preparation of Leaf Extracts
3.3. Chemicals and Reagents
3.4. Chromatographic Analysis of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Phytochemicals
3.5. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.6. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.7. Antioxidant Activity
3.7.1. ABTS•+ Scavenging Activity (ABTS)
3.7.2. DPPH• Scavenging Activity (DPPH)
3.7.3. Reducing Power (RP)
3.7.4. Chelating Ability (CHEL)
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Variables | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | 2.34 | 1.62 | 1.24 |
Percentage | 29.28 | 20.19 | 15.51 |
Cumulative percentage | 29.28 | 49.48 | 64.99 |
ARB | 0.100 | −0.471 | −0.168 |
mARB | 0.362 | 0.056 | 0.542 |
PGG | 0.101 | −0.439 | 0.403 |
HYP | −0.585 | −0.113 | 0.312 |
PIC | −0.089 | 0.518 | 0.321 |
COR | 0.378 | 0.048 | 0.454 |
TPC | 0.060 | −0.536 | 0.094 |
TFC | −0.593 | −0.110 | 0.315 |
No | ABTS (mg TE g−1) | DPPH (mg TE g−1) | RP (mg TE g−1) | CHEL (mg EDTA g−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 551.06 a | 5.24 | 420.66 ab | 8.88 | 359.85 ab | 2.51 | 3.28 a | 0.32 |
2 | 530.63 a | 12.94 | 374.76 a | 19.28 | 343.38 a | 3.51 | 4.02 bc | 0.06 |
3 | 654.66 c | 20.75 | 515.25 cd | 19.24 | 401.30 de | 4.33 | 4.08 bc | 0.23 |
4 | 654.34 c | 15.79 | 542.71 d | 23.59 | 393.70 cde | 1.57 | 3.41 a | 0.07 |
5 | 597.46 b | 12.09 | 469.43 b | 9.27 | 389.15 cd | 3.23 | 4.03 bc | 0.16 |
6 | 676.16 cd | 16.28 | 551.63 d | 7.72 | 365.24 b | 6.94 | 3.90 bc | 0.14 |
7 | 707.67 b | 7.11 | 682.17 e | 24.33 | 406.64 de | 8.04 | 3.59 | 0.17 |
8 | 561.95 ab | 12.95 | 541.87 d | 11.14 | 344.75 a | 5.67 | 4.34 ab | 0.11 |
9 | 713.49 d | 21.43 | 756.62 f | 24.45 | 408.05 e | 4.13 | 4.84 cd | 0.17 |
10 | 593.34 b | 23.31 | 456.75 b | 9.22 | 384.94 bc | 4.35 | 4.21 de | 0.09 |
11 | 652.70 c | 3.95 | 508.44 cd | 13.29 | 398.57 de | 7.84 | 4.69 c | 0.18 |
12 | 561.95 ab | 7.12 | 392.84 a | 8.85 | 361.46 ab | 8.92 | 4.42 d | 0.28 |
13 | 547.18 a | 3.94 | 377.33 a | 11.12 | 351.89 a | 3.05 | 4.60 d | 0.09 |
14 | 561.95 ab | 7.90 | 412.02 ab | 13.52 | 377.75 bc | 9.83 | 5.34 d | 0.10 |
15 | 596.31 b | 8.66 | 447.16 b | 21.97 | 383.76 bc | 5.58 | 4.61 cd | 0.14 |
16 | 556.75 a | 10.32 | 415.57 ab | 27.18 | 365.13 b | 6.00 | 4.82 de | 0.08 |
17 | 643.71 c | 9.91 | 518.34 d | 13.32 | 402.67 de | 5.77 | 4.89 de | 0.04 |
18 | 543.71 a | 9.05 | 372.18 a | 13.52 | 376.51 bc | 7.64 | 4.78 d | 0.16 |
19 | 560.28 ab | 8.58 | 401.97 a | 12.74 | 375.60 bc | 8.82 | 4.19 c | 0.23 |
20 | 548.77 a | 6.86 | 423.62 ab | 10.25 | 401.23 de | 2.51 | 3.56 ab | 0.16 |
Variables | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | 3.38 | 2.48 | 1.60 |
Percentage | 28.17 | 20.65 | 13.32 |
Cumulative percentage | 28.17 | 48.83 | 62.15 |
ARB | 0.186 | 0.143 | −0.596 |
mARB | 0.045 | 0.351 | 0.347 |
PGG | −0.052 | 0.237 | −0.22 |
HYP | −0.346 | −0.35 | −0.195 |
PIC | 0.036 | −0.204 | 0.424 |
COR | 0.156 | 0.304 | 0.264 |
TPC | −0.277 | 0.402 | −0.267 |
TFC | −0.353 | −0.359 | −0.181 |
ABTS | −0.493 | 0.134 | 0.067 |
DPPH | −0.488 | 0.034 | 0.244 |
RP | −0.34 | 0.441 | 0.018 |
CHEL | 0.132 | 0.198 | −0.146 |
ABTS | DPPH | RP | CHEL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARB | −0.236 | −0.586 ** | 0.041 | −0.090 |
mARB | 0.537 ** | 0.587 *** | 0.240 | 0.205 |
PGG | 0.005 | 0.093 | 0.132 | 0.597 ** |
HYP | 0.151 | 0.076 | 0.003 | 0.410 * |
PIC | −0.144 | −0.001 | −0.202 | −0.004 |
COR | 0.108 | 0.457 | 0.247 | 0.515 ** |
TPC | 0.517 ** | 0.239 | 0.859 *** | −0.076 |
TFC | 0.054 | 0.073 | 0.035 | 0.395 * |
ABTS | DPPH | RP | CHEL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARB | −0.291 | −0.456 * | −0.202 | 0.220 |
mARB | 0.094 | 0.103 | 0.229 | −0.390 * |
PGG | 0.370 * | 0.349 | 0.221 | 0.014 |
HYP | 0.137 | −0.015 | 0.104 | 0.561 ** |
PIC | −0.096 | −0.128 | 0.236 | −0.424 * |
COR | −0.398 * | −0.289 | 0.331 | −0.587 ** |
TPC | 0.641 *** | 0.690 *** | 0.857 *** | 0.014 |
TFC | 0.019 | −0.019 | 0.065 | 0.634 *** |
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Sugier, P.; Sęczyk, Ł.; Sugier, D.; Krawczyk, R.; Wójcik, M.; Czarnecka, J.; Okoń, S.; Plak, A. Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe. Molecules 2021, 26, 7692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247692
Sugier P, Sęczyk Ł, Sugier D, Krawczyk R, Wójcik M, Czarnecka J, Okoń S, Plak A. Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe. Molecules. 2021; 26(24):7692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247692
Chicago/Turabian StyleSugier, Piotr, Łukasz Sęczyk, Danuta Sugier, Rafał Krawczyk, Małgorzata Wójcik, Joanna Czarnecka, Sylwia Okoń, and Andrzej Plak. 2021. "Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng. at the Southern Border of the Geographical Range of the Species in Europe" Molecules 26, no. 24: 7692. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247692