Formation and Physical Stability of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions Co-Stabilized with Tea Saponin and Synthetic Surfactant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. ZBEO Chemical Compositions
2.2. Preparation of ZBEO Nanoemulsions
2.2.1. Effect of Surfactant Type
2.2.2. Effect of Surfactant Concentration
2.3. Influence of TS on The ZBEO Nanoemulsions Formation
2.4. TEM
2.5. Influence of TS on The ZBEO Nanoemulsions Stability
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. ZBEO Chemical Compositions
3.2. GC-MS Analysis of ZBEO
3.3. Nanoemulsion Preparation
3.4. Droplet Size and Zeta Potential Determination
3.5. Interfacial Tension Measurement
3.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.7. Stability Evaluation
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compounds | Retention Time (min) | Peak Area | Relative Amount (%) |
---|---|---|---|
β-Pinene | 8.191 | 107,140,447.22 | 6.18 |
D-Limonene | 8.987 | 232,870,450.99 | 13.42 |
Eucalyptol | 9.062 | 29,745,305.23 | 1.71 |
β-Ocimene | 9.113 | 30,355,650.51 | 1.75 |
Linalool | 11.966 | 155,003,077.43 | 8.94 |
Linalyl acetate | 12.282 | 195,163,631.66 | 11.25 |
Germacrene D | 15.772 | 32,742,265.62 | 1.89 |
Palmitelaidic acid | 23.190 | 48,072,287.94 | 2.77 |
Palmitic Acid | 23.482 | 119,511,013.73 | 6.89 |
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- | 26.162 | 111,333,343.35 | 6.42 |
Oleic Acid, (Z)- | 26.247 | 133,153,719.97 | 7.68 |
β-Eudesmol | 31.397 | 55,400,844.42 | 4.43 |
Sample | ZBEO (g) | Tween 40 (g) | TS (g) | Droplet Size (nm) | PDI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 112.99 ± 2.00 | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
F2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 108.21 ± 1.44 | 0.31 ± 0.01 |
F3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 97.46 ± 0.94 | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
F4 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 92.15 ± 1.14 | 0.29 ± 0.01 |
F5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 89.88 ± 0.72 | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
F6 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0 | 94.90 ± 0.94 | 0.22 ± 0.01 |
F7 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 89.63 ± 0.67 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
F8 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 120.17 ± 0.39 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
F9 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 186.65 ± 2.92 | 0.23 ± 0 |
F10 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.20 | - | - |
Sample | Ostwald Ripening Rate (nm3/s) | Correlation (r2) | Coalesence (nm−2/s) | Correlation (r2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | −51.96 | −0.30 | 2.01 × 10−8 | −0.33 |
F2 | −185.46 | −0.05 | 3.29 × 10−7 | −0.15 |
F3 | −44.93 | −0.28 | 6.36 × 10−8 | −0.32 |
F4 | −438.45 | 0.20 | 2.69 × 10−6 | 0.92 |
F5 | −373.73 | 0.21 | 7.83 × 10−4 | 0.98 |
F6 | −385.91 | 0.90 | 6.28 × 10−4 | 0.99 |
F7 | −361.13 | 0.19 | 9.00 × 10−4 | 0.99 |
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Zeng, L.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Wang, Z. Formation and Physical Stability of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions Co-Stabilized with Tea Saponin and Synthetic Surfactant. Molecules 2021, 26, 7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247464
Zeng L, Liu Y, Yuan Z, Wang Z. Formation and Physical Stability of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions Co-Stabilized with Tea Saponin and Synthetic Surfactant. Molecules. 2021; 26(24):7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247464
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Liya, Yongchang Liu, Zhihui Yuan, and Zhe Wang. 2021. "Formation and Physical Stability of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsions Co-Stabilized with Tea Saponin and Synthetic Surfactant" Molecules 26, no. 24: 7464. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247464