Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Liquefaction Procedure
2.2. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR-ATR) Analysis of Biomass and Bio-Oil
2.3. Elemental Analysis and Higher Heating Value (HHV)
2.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Characterisation of Biomass Feedstock
3.2. Biomass Liquefaction
3.3. FTIR-ATR Analysis for the Biomass and Bio-Oils
3.4. Elemental Analysis and HHV Calculation of the Bio-Oils
3.5. Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Biomass and Bio-Oils
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sample | Moisture * (%) | Elemental Analysis (%) | HHV (MJ/kg) | O/C | 10H/C | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | C | H | N | O | ||||||
Biomass | Bark | 2.97 | <0.5 | 46.60 | 6.10 | <2.0 | 47.30 | 18.77 | 1.015 | 1.309 |
Sapwood | 5.20 | <0.5 | 45.10 | 6.00 | <2.0 | 48.90 | 18.25 | 1.084 | 1.330 | |
Heartwood | 14.70 | <0.5 | 46.90 | 5.80 | <2.0 | 47.30 | 18.62 | 1.009 | 1.237 | |
Branches | 25.18 | <0.5 | 46.30 | 5.90 | <2.0 | 47.80 | 18.52 | 1.032 | 1.274 | |
Pinewood | 12.00 | <0.5 | 45.83 | 6.05 | <2.0 | 48.12 | 18.51 | 1.050 | 1.320 |
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Band Assignment | Compound/Group | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass | Bio-Oil | |||
3338 | 3400 | OH stretching | hydroxyl groups | [64] |
2981 2925 2889 | 2957 2957 2860 | CH2−, CH3− stretching | methylene and methyl groups from holocellulose and lignin | [9] |
1731 | 1725 | C=O stretching | ketones and esters | [54] |
1633 | -- | OH bending | water | [65,66] |
1599 | 1599 | C=C stretching | aromatic ring | [64] |
1461 | 1461 | OCH3–, –CH2–, C−H | carbohydrates | [67] |
1369 | 1378 | aromatic C–H deformation | syringyl rings (from lignin) | [54] |
1264 | -- | guaycyl rings | [68] | |
-- | 1176 | aromatic ring vibration | cellulose | [69] |
1027 | 1034 | C−O−C asymmetric stretching | cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin | [68] |
896 | -- | C−O, C=C, and C−C−O | hemicellulose | [68] |
-- | 814 | stretching | carbohydrates | [30] |
Sample | Moisture * (%) | Elemental Analysis (%) | HHV (MJ/kg) | O/C | 10H/C | EDR * (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | C | H | N | O | |||||||
Bio-oils | Bark | 0.96 | <0.5 | 68.79 | 10.99 | <2.0 | 20.22 | 34.90 | 0.294 | 1.598 | 1.86 |
Sapwood | 0.98 | <0.5 | 70.30 | 11.20 | <2.0 | 18.50 | 35.85 | 0.263 | 1.593 | 1.96 | |
Heartwood | 0.86 | <0.5 | 70.90 | 10.10 | <2.0 | 19.00 | 34.82 | 0.268 | 1.425 | 1.87 | |
Branches | 0.84 | <0.5 | 66.65 | 10.20 | <2.0 | 23.15 | 32.96 | 0.347 | 1.530 | 1.78 | |
Pinewood | 0.51 | <0.5 | 69.95 | 10.66 | <2.0 | 19.39 | 35.04 | 0.277 | 1.524 | 1.89 | |
Coals | Anthracite [70] | -- | 0.83 | 91.60 | 3.50 | 1.60 | 2.39 | 35.63 | 0.026 | 0.382 | -- |
Lignite [70] | -- | 0.61 | 60.51 | 4.01 | 1.22 | 33.66 | 21.52 | 0.556 | 0.663 | -- | |
Bituminous coal [70] | -- | 0.43 | 81.80 | 5.00 | 1.50 | 11.21 | 33.69 | 0.137 | 0.611 | -- | |
Coal [70] | -- | 0.41 | 78.31 | 4.71 | 2.30 | 13.50 | 30.86 | 0.172 | 0.601 | -- | |
Hydrocarbons | Kerosene [70] | -- | 0.10 | 85.80 | 14.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 46.50 | 0.000 | 1.643 | -- |
Gasoline [70] | -- | 0.10 | 85.50 | 14.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 46.88 | 0.000 | 1.684 | -- | |
Fuel oil 6 [70] | -- | 0.05 | 85.70 | 10.50 | 1.70 | 2.00 | 42.30 | 0.023 | 1.225 | -- | |
Fuel oil 2 [70] | -- | 0.00 | 87.30 | 12.90 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 43.80 | 0.000 | 1.478 | -- | |
Diesel [70] | -- | 0.30 | 86.50 | 13.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 45.70 | 0.000 | 1.526 | -- | |
Pitch [70] | -- | 0.00 | 59.67 | 7.27 | 0.00 | 33.05 | 26.70 | 0.554 | 1.218 | -- | |
Peat [70] | -- | 0.17 | 56.88 | 5.98 | 1.53 | 35.38 | 22.65 | 0.622 | 1.051 | -- |
1st Stage | 2nd Stage | 3rd Stage | 4th Stage | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Temp. Range (°C) | Mass Loss (%) | Temp. Range (°C) | Mass Loss (%) | Temp. Range (°C) | Mass Loss (%) | Temp. Range (°C) | Mass Loss (%) | |
Biomass | Bark | 25–135 | 7 | 160–340 | 31 | 340–400 | 27 | 400–600 | 12 |
Sapwood | 7 | 33 | 35 | 8 | |||||
Heartwood | 8 | 28 | 28 | 12 | |||||
Branches | 12 | 28 | 29 | 7 | |||||
Pinewood | 8 | 32 | 32 | 13 | |||||
Bio-oil | Bark | 50–162 | 30 | 162–300 | 37 | 300–600 | 14 | --- | --- |
Sapwood | 50–185 | 47 | 185–300 | 28 | 9 | ||||
Heartwood | 50–185 | 35 | 185–300 | 34 | 11 | ||||
Branches | 50–170 | 36 | 170–300 | 34 | 10 | ||||
Pinewood | 50–185 | 23 | 170–300 | 41 | 12 |
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Goncalves, D.; Orišková, S.; Matos, S.; Machado, H.; Vieira, S.; Bastos, D.; Gaspar, D.; Paiva, R.; Bordado, J.C.; Rodrigues, A.; et al. Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires. Molecules 2021, 26, 7156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237156
Goncalves D, Orišková S, Matos S, Machado H, Vieira S, Bastos D, Gaspar D, Paiva R, Bordado JC, Rodrigues A, et al. Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires. Molecules. 2021; 26(23):7156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237156
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoncalves, Diogo, Sofia Orišková, Sandro Matos, Henrique Machado, Salomé Vieira, David Bastos, Daniela Gaspar, Ricardo Paiva, João Carlos Bordado, Abel Rodrigues, and et al. 2021. "Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires" Molecules 26, no. 23: 7156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237156