Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sample Description
2.2. Assessment of Hidden Prescription Drugs and Chemicals in the Weight Loss Supplements
2.3. Comparison of Undeclared Prescription Drugs/Chemicals in Weight Loss Supplements According to Sample Characteristics
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Sample Collection
4.3. Sample Treatment
4.4. RP-HPLC-MS/MS Analysis
4.5. Validation Methodology
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Characteristics | Groups | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Dosage form | Capsule | 87 | 63.5% |
Tablet | 31 | 22.6% | |
Tea bags | 19 | 13.9% | |
Country of origin | Canada | 3 | 2.2% |
USA | 67 | 48.9% | |
European Union | 22 | 16.1% | |
China | 7 | 5.1% | |
Malaysia | 6 | 4.4% | |
India | 4 | 2.9% | |
UAE | 4 | 2.9% | |
Undeclared | 24 | 17.5% |
Prescription Drug/Chemical | Number of Products with Prescription Drug/Chemical under the LOD | |
---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | |
sibutramine | 116 | 84.7% |
phenolphthalein | 118 | 86.1% |
fluoxetine | 130 | 94.95 |
Prescription Drug/Chemical | The Proportion of Weight Loss Supplements That Contained Hidden Prescription Drugs/Chemicals | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | 95% CI | ||
Lower | Upper | |||
sibutramine | 21 | 15.3% | 9.2 | 21.4 |
phenolphthalein | 19 | 13.9% | 8.01 | 19.7 |
fluoxetine | 7 | 5.1% | 1.4 | 8.8 |
Sample Characteristics | Estimated Concentration (mg/kg) | Daily Dose (mg/day) | Number of Hidden Chemicals | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Code | Dosage Form | Country of Origin | Sibutramine | Phenolphthalein | Fluoxetine | Sibutramine Daily Dose | Phenolphthalein Daily Dose | Fluoxetine Daily Dose | N |
1 | Tablet | Undeclared | 259 | ND | ND | 5.18 | ND | ND | 1 |
2 | Tablet | China | 258.8 | ND | ND | 0.11 | ND | ND | 1 |
3 | Capsule | USA | 29.06 | 117.07 | ND | 0.02 | 0.07 | ND | 2 |
4 | Capsule | Undeclared | ND | 199.5 | 193.97 | ND | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2 |
5 | Capsule | Undeclared | 172 | 183.48 | ND | 0.32 | 0.34 | ND | 2 |
6 | Capsule | Undeclared | 214.86 | 173.05 | ND | 0.11 | 0.09 | ND | 2 |
7 | Capsule | Malaysia | 101.36 | 146.79 | 14.42 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 3 |
8 | Capsule | China | 213.49 | 235.02 | ND | 111.01 | 122.21 | ND | 2 |
9 | Capsule | USA | ND | 163.1 | ND | ND | 0.91 | ND | 1 |
10 | Capsule | Malaysia | ND | 193.75 | ND | ND | 0.08 | ND | 1 |
11 | Capsule | EU | 44.75 | 202.92 | 12 | 0.17 | 0.78 | 46.08 | 3 |
12 | Capsule | China | 98.95 | 163.55 | ND | 0.05 | 0.09 | ND | 2 |
13 | Capsule | Undeclared | 16.88 | ND | ND | 0.01 | ND | ND | 1 |
14 | Tea bags | Undeclared | 10.63 | ND | ND | 0.15 | ND | ND | 1 |
15 | Tablet | Undeclared | 0.14 | 1.9 | ND | 0 | 0 | ND | 2 |
16 | Capsule | Undeclared | 16,823.3 | 13,218.8 | 34 | 11.77 | 9.25 | 8.24 | 3 |
17 | Capsule | Undeclared | 121.7 | ND | ND | 0.12 | ND | ND | 1 |
18 | Capsule | Undeclared | 99.5 | 345 | ND | 382.08 | 1324.8 | ND | 2 |
19 | Capsule | Undeclared | 130 | 189 | ND | 72.02 | 104.71 | ND | 2 |
20 | Tablet | Undeclared | 78 | 213 | 172 | 49.76 | 135.89 | 109.74 | 3 |
21 | Tablet | Undeclared | 123 | 245 | ND | 170.77 | 340.16 | ND | 2 |
22 | Tablet | Undeclared | 1237 | 234 | ND | 1355.75 | 256.46 | ND | 2 |
23 | Tablet | Undeclared | 16,823.3 | 123 | 57 | 11,776.31 | 86.1 | 39.9 | 3 |
24 | Tablet | Undeclared | 232 | 289 | 45 | 226.9 | 282.64 | 44.01 | 3 |
Characteristic | Group | Hidden Prescription Drugs and Chemicals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | p-Value | ||
Dosage form | Capsule | 15 | 17.2% | 0.178 |
Tablet | 8 | 25.8% | ||
Tea bags | 1 | 5.3% | ||
Country of origin | Declared | 8 | 7.1% | <0.001 |
Undeclared | 16 | 66.7% |
Gradient Program | MS Conditions-Source Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Time | % Mobile Phase A | % Mobile Phase B | Ion Source: ESI Scan Type: MRM Div valve: To MS Delta EMV(+): 300 Gas Temp: 350 °C N2 Gas flow: 10 L/min Nebulizer: 50 psi Capillary Voltage: 4000 V (Positive and Negative) Chromatogram: TIC |
0.0 | 65.0 | 35.0 | |
1.0 | 65.0 | 35.0 | |
7.0 | 10.0 | 90.0 | |
7.5 | 10.0 | 90.0 | |
8.0 | 65.0 | 35.0 | |
16.0 | 65.0 | 35.0 |
Compound Name | Precursor Ion | MS1 Res | Product Ion | MS2 Res | Dwell | FV | CE | CAV | Polarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
phenolphthalein | 319.3 | Wide | 224.9 * | Unit | 200 | 139 | 16 | 7 | Positive |
Wide | 141 | Unit | 200 | 139 | 40 | 7 | Positive | ||
sibutramine | 280.9 | Wide | 139 | Unit | 200 | 96 | 8 | 7 | Positive |
Wide | 125 * | Unit | 200 | 96 | 28 | 7 | Positive | ||
fluoxetine | 310.1 | Wide | 117 | Unit | 200 | 96 | 50 | 7 | Positive |
Wide | 148 * | Unit | 200 | 96 | 10 | 7 | Positive | ||
sibutramine-d6 | 286.9 | Wide | 125 | Unit | 200 | 101 | 28 | 7 | Positive |
fluoxetine-d5 | 316.2 | Wide | 154.1 | Unit | 200 | 70 | 2 | 7 | Positive |
Matrix Name | % RSD of RT | Spike at 3.0 µg/kg | Spike at 10 µg/kg | Spike at 80 µg/kg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% RSD | % Recovery | % RSD | % Recovery | % RSD | % Recovery | ||
Herbal Tea | 0.4 | 7.3 | 83.6 | 6.1 | 87.9 | 5.3 | 93.5 |
Energy Drink | 0.9 | 5.4 | 86.7 | 4.5 | 91.4 | 3.2 | 94.9 |
Fish oil capsules | 1.5 | 8.8 | 83.9 | 7.6 | 88.5 | 5.0 | 90.6 |
Matrix Name | % RSD of RT | Spike at 3.0 µg/kg | Spike at 10 µg/kg | Spike at 80 µg/kg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% RSD | % Recovery | % RSD | % Recovery | % RSD | % Recovery | ||
Herbal Tea | 0.38 | 8.6 | 82.5 | 7.2 | 88.3 | 4.8 | 92.1 |
Energy Drink | 0.8 | 5.5 | 85.1 | 4.2 | 90.9 | 4.0 | 93.3 |
Fish oil capsules | 1.3 | 7.6 | 82.7 | 6.0 | 86.4 | 5.3 | 92.6 |
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Jairoun, A.A.; Al-Hemyari, S.S.; Shahwan, M.; Zyoud, S.H. Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021, 26, 6903. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226903
Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan M, Zyoud SH. Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals. Molecules. 2021; 26(22):6903. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226903
Chicago/Turabian StyleJairoun, Ammar A., Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari, Moyad Shahwan, and Sa’ed H. Zyoud. 2021. "Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals" Molecules 26, no. 22: 6903. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226903
APA StyleJairoun, A. A., Al-Hemyari, S. S., Shahwan, M., & Zyoud, S. H. (2021). Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals. Molecules, 26(22), 6903. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226903