Melanogenesis Promoting Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and UPLC-ESI-HRMS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds of Argan Leaves Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. ALE Had No Cytotoxic Effect on B16 Melanoma Cells
2.2. ALE Stimulated Melanogenesis in B16 Cells
2.3. ALE Modulated the Melanogenic Enzymes Expression in B16 Cells
2.4. Antioxidant Activity of ALE
2.5. Quantification and Characterization of ALE Phenolic Compounds
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Preparation of ALE
4.3. Cell Culture
4.4. Cell Viability Assay
4.5. Measurement of Melanin Content
4.6. Western Blot
4.7. Evaluation of ALE Antioxidant Activity
4.7.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
4.7.2. Scavenging Activity on ABTS+ Radical
4.7.3. β-Carotene/Linoleic Acid Bleaching Assay
4.7.4. Reducing Power Activity
4.8. Polyphenols Quantification in ALE
4.8.1. Total Polyphenol Content (TPC)
4.8.2. Total Flavonoids Content
4.8.3. Flavanols Content
4.8.4. Proanthocyanidins Content
4.9. Phenols Characterization
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
Abbreviations
ALE | argan leaves extract |
ABTS | 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonate |
BHT | butylated hydroxytoluene |
CTE | catechin equivalents |
CYE | cyanidin equivalents |
DCT | dopachrome tautomerase |
DPPH | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical |
l-DOPA | l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine |
DM | dry matter |
GAE | gallic acid equivalents |
MITF | microphthalmia-associated transcription factor |
α-MSH | alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide |
PVDF | polyvinylidene difluoride membrane |
QE | quercetin equivalents |
RIPA | radioimmunoprecipitation |
SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
TPC | total phenols content |
TFC | total flavonoids content |
TRP1 | tyrosinase-related protein 1 |
TYE | tyrosol equivalents |
TYR | tyrosinase |
UPLC-ESI-HRMS | ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray-ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry |
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Parameters | ALE | BHT | Ascorbic Acid | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phenol content | TPC (TYE mg/g) | 198.61 ± 0.20 | - | - |
Flavonoids (CAE mg/g) | 128.41 ± 1.58 | - | - | |
Flavanols (CAE mg/g) | 59.59 ± 1.55 | - | - | |
Proanthocyanidins (CYE mg/g) | 6.85 ± 0.13 | - | - | |
Antioxidant activities (IC50 mg/mL) | DPPH | 0.508 ± 0.016 c | 0.147 ± 0.001 b | 0.071 ± 0.003 a |
Reducing power | 0.316 ± 0.011 b | 0.354 ± 0.011 c | 0.070 ± 0.011 a | |
β-carotene | 1.679 ± 0.070 b | 0.050 ± 0.001 a | - | |
ABTS | 0.373 ± 0.001 c | 0.340 ± 0.001 b | 0.078 ± 0.001 a |
Peak Number | Retention Time, min (Area%) | Compound Identity | Molecular Formula | UPLC UV/Vis λmax (nm) | Experimental m/z (M − H)− | Theoretical m/z (M − H)− | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.992 (1.36) | Gallic acid | C7H6O5 | - | 169.014 | 169.0135 | [12] |
2 | 1.204 (2.19) | (+)-Gallocatechin | C15H14O7 | - | 305.0654 | 305.0657 | [12,13] |
3 | 1.49 (3.10) | (−)-Epigallocatechin | C15H14O7 | - | 305.0657 | 305.0657 | [12,13] |
4 | 1.736 (3.18) | (+)-Catechin | C15H14O6 | - | 289.0707 | 289.0708 | [14] |
5 | 1.801 (2.95) | (−)-Epicatechin | C15H14O6 | - | 289.0707 | 289.0708 | [14] |
6 | 1.86 (8.37) | Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide | C21H18O13 | 231.9–253.3–347.1 | 477.1035 | 477.0663 | [15] |
7 | 2.03 (35.67) | Myricetin-3-O-Galactoside | C21H20O13 | 250.9–266.2–326.6 | 479.0825 | 479.0819 | [16,17] |
8 | 2.201 (4.35) | Unknown | - | - | 479.082 | - | - |
9 | 2.266 (19.39) | Myricitrin | C21H20O14 | - | 463.0877 | 463.087 | [16,17] |
10 | 2.408 (1.23) | Quercitrin | C21H20O11 | 250.3–266.2–326.6 | 447.093 | 447.0921 | [16,17] |
11 | 2.538 (3.96) | Quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside | C21H20O11 | - | 447.0929 | 447.0921 | [18] |
12 | 2.663 (0.33) | Myricetin | C15H10O8 | 222.2–304.3 | 317.029 | 317.0294 | [17] |
13 | 2.774 (2.30) | Rutin (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) | C30H26O14 | 257.0–313.0 | 609.1234 | 609.1236 | [15] |
14 | 3.073 (0.95) | Quercetin | C15H10O7 | 254.5–370.1 | 301.0345 | 301.0345 | [19] |
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Bourhim, T.; Villareal, M.O.; Couderc, F.; Hafidi, A.; Isoda, H.; Gadhi, C. Melanogenesis Promoting Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and UPLC-ESI-HRMS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds of Argan Leaves Extract. Molecules 2021, 26, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020371
Bourhim T, Villareal MO, Couderc F, Hafidi A, Isoda H, Gadhi C. Melanogenesis Promoting Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and UPLC-ESI-HRMS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds of Argan Leaves Extract. Molecules. 2021; 26(2):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020371
Chicago/Turabian StyleBourhim, Thouria, Myra O. Villareal, François Couderc, Abdellatif Hafidi, Hiroko Isoda, and Chemseddoha Gadhi. 2021. "Melanogenesis Promoting Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and UPLC-ESI-HRMS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds of Argan Leaves Extract" Molecules 26, no. 2: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020371