Study of the Seasonal Variations of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Macroalgae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. FA Content in the Macroalgae
2.1.1. Fucus spiralis
2.1.2. Bifurcaria bifurcata
2.1.3. Saccorhiza polyschides
2.1.4. Ulva lactuca
2.1.5. Comparison of the FA Profiles of the Different Macroalgae
2.2. Seasonal Influence on the Production of FA
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
3.3. Determination of the Fatty Acid Profile
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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F. spiralis | B. bifurcata | U. lactuca | S. polyschides | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Summer | Spring | Autumn | Winter | Summer | Spring | Autumn | Winter | Summer | Spring | Autumn | Summer | |
C4:0 | 0.58 ± 0.00 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.01 a | 0.87 ± 0.04 b | 0.60 ± 0.02 a | 0.65 ± 0.03 a | 0.80 ± 0.01 |
C6:0 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.01 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
C8:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.51 ± 0.01 ac | 0.64 ± 0.02 b | 0.49 ± 0.00 a | 0.53 ± 0.01 bc | 0.63 ± 0.01 |
C10:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.73 ± 0.01 a | 0.55 ± 0.02 b | 0.54 ± 0.01 b | 0.67 ± 0.02 c | nd |
C12:0 | 0.53 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 0.52 ± 0.00 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.70 ± 0.02 a | 0.54 ± 0.00 bc | 0.53 ± 0.00 b | 0.65 ± 0.03 ac | 0.53 ± 0.01 |
C13:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 0.31 ± 0.02 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.45 ± 0.03 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 |
C14:0 | 2.74 ± 0.03 | 4.01 ± 0.25 | 3.87 ± 0.27 | 2.93 ± 0.47 | 0.96 ± 0.04 a | 1.06 ± 0.03 b | 0.97 ± 0.04 a | 0.93 ± 0.03 a | 0.66 ± 0.00 a | 0.64 ± 0.01 ab | 0.53 ± 0.01 c | 0.60 ± 0.03 bc | 0.89 ± 0.04 |
C15:0 | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | 0.33 ± 0.01 ab | 0.34 ± 0.01 b | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 c | 0.28 ± 0.01 d | 0.28 ± 0.00 d | 0.39 ± 0.01 c | 0.27 ± 0.01 |
C16:0 | 4.38 ± 0.05 a | 5.92 ± 0.27 ab | 6.41 ± 0.33 b | 4.66 ± 0.80 a | 3.50 ± 0.25 ce | 3.93 ± 0.21 d | 3.72 ± 0.25 de | 3.31 ± 0.14 c | 6.20 ± 0.32 f | 5.58 ± 0.33 g | 5.58 ± 0.30 g | 5.32 ± 0.32 g | 3.63 ± 0.19 |
C17:0 | 0.12 ± 0.00 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.00 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 cd | 0.18 ± 0.03 c | 0.15 ± 0.00 d | 0.15 ± 0.00 d | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.12 ± 0.00 |
C18:0 | 0.56 ± 0.01 a | 0.95 ± 0.02 b | 0.79 ± 0.03 c | 0.59 ± 0.03 a | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
C20:0 | 1.97 ± 0.02 | 1.94 ± 0.09 | 2.31 ± 0.10 | 1.98 ± 0.34 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.87 ± 0.05 |
C21:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 |
C22:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.83 ± 0.02 b | 0.86 ± 0.02 b | 0.86 ± 0.02 b | nd |
C23:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
C24:0 | 0.46 ± 0.00 a | 0.53 ± 0.01 b | 0.50 ± 0.01 c | 0.47 ± 0.01 d | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.00 e | 0.42 ± 0.00 f | 0.42 ± 0.00 f | 0.43 ± 0.01 e | nd |
ΣSFA | 12.16 ± 0.07 | 15.44 ± 0.38 | 15.99 ± 0.44 | 12.69 ± 0.99 | 8.00 ± 0.26 | 8.51 ± 0.22 | 8.18 ± 0.25 | 7.64 ± 0.16 | 12.94 ± 0.32 | 11.89 ± 0.33 | 11.41 ± 0.30 | 11.87 ± 0.33 | 9.28 ± 0.20 |
C14:1 | 0.24 ± 0.00 a | 0.26 ± 0.00 b | 0.25 ± 0.00 c | 0.24 ± 0.00 a | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.01 d | 0.25 ± 0.02 e | 0.26 ± 0.00 de | 0.32 ± 0.00 d | 0.26 ± 0.01 |
C15:1 | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 b | 0.29 ± 0.00 c | 0.29 ± 0.01 ac | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.00 g | 0.28 ± 0.00 h | 0.29 ± 0.00 gh | 0.35 ± 0.03 g | 0.28 ± 0.00 |
C16:1 | 0.69 ± 0.01 a | 0.81 ± 0.02 ab | 0.87 ± 0.04 b | 0.68 ± 0.09 a | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.03 a | 0.90 ± 0.07 ab | 0.65 ± 0.02 c | 0.87 ± 0.04 b | 0.91 ± 0.05 |
C17:1 | 0.25 ± 0.00 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.00 c | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | 0.23 ± 0.00 e | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.24 ± 0.00 f | 0.22 ± 0.00 g | 0.23 ± 0.00 h | 0.24 ± 0.00 f | nd |
C18:1ω9t | 0.22 ± 0.00 a | 0.24 ± 0.00 ab | 0.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.22 ± 0.00 a | 0.24 ± 0.00 c | 0.26 ± 0.01 d | 0.23 ± 0.00 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.41 ± 0.01 e | 0.23 ± 0.00 f | 0.28 ± 0.00 g | 0.28 ± 0.00 g | nd |
C18:1ω9c | 5.09 ± 0.05 a | 10.98 0.52 b | 8.71 0.75 c | 5.19 0.79 a | 2.33 0.17 | 2.40 0.14 | 2.27 0.18 | 2.22 0.10 | 0.53 ± 0.01 de | 0.78 ± 0.04 d | 0.81 ± 0.02 d | 0.51 ± 0.01 e | 1.79 0.16 |
C18:1ω7 | 0.24 ± 0.00 a | 0.26 ± 0.00 b | 0.28 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.00 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 2.49 0.12 d | 1.13 ± 0.08 e | 1.26 ± 0.03 e | 1.92 0.11 f | 0.57 ± 0.03 |
C20:1ω9 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.22 ± 0.00 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.00 c | 0.22 ± 0.00 d | nd |
C24:1ω9 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.00 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 a | nd |
C22:1ω9 | 0.29 ± 0.00 ab | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.27 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.02 cd | 0.43 ± 0.01 d | 0.43 ± 0.01 c | 0.36 ± 0.01 e | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | 0.21 ± 0.00 g | 0.22 ± 0.00 h | 0.22 ± 0.00 i | 0.23 ± 0.01 |
ΣMUFA | 7.90 ± 0.06 | 13.90 ± 0.52 | 11.84 ± 0.75 | 7.96 ± 0.79 | 5.26 ± 0.18 | 5.42 ± 0.17 | 5.23 ± 0.19 | 5.01 ± 0.10 | 6.12 ± 0.13 | 4.44 ± 0.11 | 4.48 ± 0.04 | 5.20 ± 0.13 | 4.03 ± 0.17 |
C18:3ω3 (ALA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | 1.03 ± 0.07 a | 1.26 ± 0.10 b | 1.10 ± 0.07 c | 0.95 ± 0.05 ac | 0.74 ± 0.02 d | 0.34 ± 0.01 e | 0.43 ± 0.01 f | 0.47 ± 0.01 g | nd |
C18:5ω3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.00 b | 0.21 ± 0.00 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 |
C20:4ω3 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
C20:5ω3 (EPA) | 1.58 ± 0.01 | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 1.89 ± 0.09 | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 0.60 ± 0.02 a | 0.71 ± 0.02 b | 0.86 ± 0.05 c | 0.49 ± 0.01 d | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.41 ± 0.02 |
C21:5ω3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
C22:5ω3 (DPA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.00 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 0.17 ± 0.00 c | 0.18 ± 0.00 d | nd |
C22:6ω3 (DHA) | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Σ ω3 | 2.43 ± 0.02 | 2.40 ± 0.07 | 2.77 ± 0.09 | 2.24 ± 0.23 | 3.49 ± 0.08 | 3.91 ± 0.15 | 3.79 ± 0.09 | 3.16 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.02 |
C18:2ω6t (LA) | nd | 0.24 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
C18:2ω6c (LA) | 1.74 ± 0.00 a | 2.19 ± 0.10 ab | 2.46 ± 0.15 b | 1.71 ± 0.29 a | 0.51 ± 0.02 c | 0.68 ± 0.03 d | 0.61 ± 0.03 e | 0.50 ± 0.02 c | 0.46 ± 0.02 f | 0.49 ± 0.02 f | 0.56 ± 0.01 g | 0.38 ± 0.01 h | 0.61 ± 0.05 |
C18:3ω6 (GLA) | 0.31 ± 0.00 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.00 c | 0.22 ± 0.00 c | 0.23 ± 0.00 d | 0.22 ± 0.00 e | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
C20:3ω6 | 0.34 ± 0.00 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 cd | 0.47 ± 0.01 c | 0.47 ± 0.02 c | 0.43 ± 0.02 d | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.26 ± 0.01 |
C20:4ω6 (AA) | 4.21 ± 0.04 a | 5.94 ± 0.28 b | 5.61 ± 0.35 ab | 4.22 ± 0.61 a | 2.63 ± 0.15 c | 3.10 ± 0.15 d | 2.94 ± 0.15 d | 2.45 ± 0.11 c | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.07 ± 0.19 |
C22:3ω6 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.33 ± 0.02 ab | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 0.35 ± 0.01 ac | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | nd | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.00 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 ab | nd |
C22:5ω6 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Σ ω6 | 6.60 ± 0.04 | 9.18 ± 0.30 | 8.87 ± 0.38 | 6.56 ± 0.68 | 4.45 ± 0.15 | 5.21 ± 0.16 | 4.91 ± 0.16 | 4.20 ± 0.11 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.01 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 3.18 ± 0.20 |
C16:2ω4 | 0.27 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.00 b | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 c | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 d | 0.29 ± 0.00 e | 0.30 ± 0.00 e | 0.41 ± 0.03 de | 0.27 ± 0.01 |
C18:4 * | 1.96 ± 0.01 | 1.53 ± 0.04 | 2.00 ± 0.07 | 1.88 ± 0.26 | 1.32 ± 0.06 a | 1.37 ± 0.06 a | 1.38 ± 0.04 a | 1.17 ± 0.03 b | 1.04 ± 0.02 c | 0.66 ± 0.01 d | 0.73 ± 0.00 e | 0.75 ± 0.01 e | 1.21 ± 0.04 |
C20:2 | 0.34 ± 0.00 a | 0.35 ± 0.01 ab | 0.42 ± 0.02 b | 0.32 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | nd |
C22:2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 b | 0.24 ± 0.00 abc | 0.23 ± 0.00 c | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
ΣPUFA | 11.59 ± 0.27 | 13.71 ± 0.40 | 14.32 ± 0.48 | 11.28 ± 0.81 | 10.11 ± 0.18 | 11.36 ± 0.23 | 10.92 ± 0.19 | 9.35 ± 0.13 | 3.57 ± 0.04 | 2.82 ± 0.04 | 3.07 ± 0.02 | 3.06 ± 0.03 | 5.23 ± 0.20 |
PUFA/ SFA | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.43 | 1.26 ± 0.27 | 1.34 ± 0.50 | 1.33 ± 0.26 | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.11 |
FA | 31.65 ± 0.28 | 43.05 ± 0.75 | 42.15 ± 0.99 | 31.92 ± 1.51 | 23.37 ± 0.36 | 25.29 ± 0.36 | 24.33 ± 0.37 | 22.00 ± 0.23 | 22.63 ± 0.35 | 19.15 ± 0.35 | 18.96 ± 0.30 | 20.13 ± 0.35 | 18.54 ± 0.33 |
ω6 ω3 | 2.72 ± 0.06 | 3.83 ± 0.34 | 3.21 ± 0.37 | 2.93 ± 0.85 | 1.28 ± 0.21 | 1.33 ± 0.41 | 1.30 ± 0.19 | 1.33 ± 0.17 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 1.38 ± 0.09 | 1.25 ± 0.04 | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 5.60 ± 0.80 |
h/H | 2.74 | 2.78 | 2.54 | 2.54 | 3.45 | 3.37 | 3.45 | 3.39 | 1.41 | 1.17 | 1.24 | 1.39 | 2.05 |
DHA/ EPA | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
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Pereira, T.; Horta, A.; Barroso, S.; Mendes, S.; Gil, M.M. Study of the Seasonal Variations of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Macroalgae. Molecules 2021, 26, 5807. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195807
Pereira T, Horta A, Barroso S, Mendes S, Gil MM. Study of the Seasonal Variations of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Macroalgae. Molecules. 2021; 26(19):5807. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195807
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Tatiana, André Horta, Sónia Barroso, Susana Mendes, and Maria M. Gil. 2021. "Study of the Seasonal Variations of the Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Macroalgae" Molecules 26, no. 19: 5807. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195807