Crosslinked Silk Fibroin/Gelatin/Hyaluronan Blends as Scaffolds for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Scaffold Fabrication
2.3. Evaluation of Crosslinking Efficiency
2.4. Swellability and Degradability of the Scaffolds
2.5. Micromorphology of the Scaffolds
2.6. Adhesion and Proliferation of NIH/3T3 Cells on the Scaffolds
2.7. Visualization of Cell Morphology
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Crosslinking Efficiency
3.2. Swellability and Degradability of the Scaffolds
3.3. Micromorphology of the Freeze-Dried Scaffolds
3.4. Cell Adhesion and Proliferation
3.5. Cell Morphology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Samples | % Attachment | µ | PDT (h) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 h | 4 h | 6 h | |||
SFG | 73.87 ± 6.87 | 73.18 ± 11.04 | 74.18 ± 10.01 | 0.055 ± 0.008 | 12.88 ± 1.97 |
SFGHA | 71.64 ± 3.06 | 75.79 ± 2.38 | 87.68 ± 8.58 | 0.050 ± 0.003 | 13.97 ± 0.72 |
Scaffolding Materials | Crosslinking Method | Physical Properties | Biological Evaluation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
SFHA and SFHA with heparin (4%, 25% HA ratio) | EDC/NHS (blending) | Water uptake (93%), Pore size (20–140 µm), Young’s modulus (12.5–13.1 kPa) | Cytocompatible (NIH/3T3, 24 h) | [24] |
SFHA (5%, 1.5-5% HA ratio) | Soft-freezing | Water solubility (4.0–4.6% with 1.5–5% HA ratio), Compressive modulus (32–57 kPa), 21-day degradation (~47% in PBS, ~72% in enzymes) | NA | [25] |
SFHA (2.5% SF + 0.25% HA) | Ethanol evaporation | Swellability (20–30 times), PBS degradation (80–85% in 30 days), Compressive modulus (28–30 kPa) | SFHA scaffolds supported cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration (BMSCs, 16 days) | [26] |
SFHA (2%, 5–20% HA ratio) | EDC/NHS (immersion) | Water solubility (6–8%), Swellability (5–10 times), 21-day degradation (10–12% in PBS, 75–95% in enzymes) | SFHA scaffolds supported cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration (mESCs, 9 days) | [27] |
SFHA (10%, 20–40% HA ratio) | Ca2+-Formic acid | Water solubility (2–2.5%), Swellability (7–12 times), Compressive stress (0.01–0.2 MPa) | SFHA scaffolds supported cell adhesion and proliferation (L929, 9 days) | [28] |
GHA (5%, 2% HA ratio) | EDC/NHS (blending) | Swellability (6–7 times), Elastic modulus (0.9–1 kPa), Young’s modulus (~140 kPa), Compressive modulus (~40 kPa) | GHA scaffolds supported cell proliferation (NIH/3T3, 7 days) | [29] |
SFHA (2.5%, 20–60% HA ratio) | EDC/NHS (blending) | Pore size (50–100 µm), Compressive strength (3.2–11.9 kPa), 18–day degradation (6–10% in PBS, 65–90% in α-chymotrypsin) | SFHA scaffolds were biocompatible after 5-day implantation in rats | [16] |
SFGHA (1.5%, 25–50% G ratio, 25–50% HA ratio) | EDC/NHS (immersion) | Water solubility (2–5%), Swellability (40–50 times), 10-day degradation (80% in culture medium), Pore size (160–240 µm) | SFG and SFGHA scaffolds supported cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration (NIH/3T3, 7 days) | This study |
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Duangpakdee, A.; Laomeephol, C.; Jindatip, D.; Thongnuek, P.; Ratanavaraporn, J.; Damrongsakkul, S. Crosslinked Silk Fibroin/Gelatin/Hyaluronan Blends as Scaffolds for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering. Molecules 2021, 26, 3191. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113191
Duangpakdee A, Laomeephol C, Jindatip D, Thongnuek P, Ratanavaraporn J, Damrongsakkul S. Crosslinked Silk Fibroin/Gelatin/Hyaluronan Blends as Scaffolds for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering. Molecules. 2021; 26(11):3191. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113191
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuangpakdee, Anongnart, Chavee Laomeephol, Depicha Jindatip, Peerapat Thongnuek, Juthamas Ratanavaraporn, and Siriporn Damrongsakkul. 2021. "Crosslinked Silk Fibroin/Gelatin/Hyaluronan Blends as Scaffolds for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering" Molecules 26, no. 11: 3191. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113191