Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Optimization of the Sulfonated Catalyst
2.2. Catalyst Characterization
Structural and Surface Characteristics of the OMSC Catalyst
2.3. Modeling and Optimization of the Acetin Production
2.3.1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Model, and Model Fitting for GC
2.3.2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Model, and Model Fitting for MA Selectivity
2.3.3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Model, and Model Fitting for DA Selectivity
2.3.4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Model, and Model Fitting for TA Selectivity
2.4. Effect of Variables and Their Interaction on GC and Selectivity to MA, DA, and TA
2.5. Optimization
2.6. Catalyst Reusability
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of the Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst
3.3. Characterization of the Catalyst
3.4. Catalytic Activity
3.5. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples are not available from the authors. |
Sulfonation Temperature (°C) | S a (%) | SAD b (mmol/g) | SAD c (mmol/g) | TAD d (mmol/g) | Sulfonation time (h) | S a (%) | SAD b (mmol/g) | SAD c (mmol/g) | TAD d (mmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 3.06 | 0.96 | 1.33 | 5.00 | 1 | 1.93 | 0.60 | 1.20 | 5.10 |
90 | 3.72 | 1.16 | 2.57 | 7.10 | 2 | 2.32 | 0.72 | 1.47 | 5.25 |
120 | 3.24 | 1.01 | 2.23 | 6.00 | 3 | 3.09 | 0.96 | 1.70 | 5.40 |
150 | 3.12 | 0.97 | 1.90 | 6.50 | 5 | 3.27 | 1.02 | 1.80 | 5.45 |
180 | 2.79 | 0.87 | 1.67 | 5.80 | 7 | 1.96 | 0.61 | 1.27 | 5.35 |
Sample | Surface Area (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Average Pore Diameter (Å) | Acid Site Density a (µmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonized | 484 | 0.327 | 27.09 | ND |
OMSC Catalyst | 217 | 0.164 | 47.04 | 9568.3 |
Run | Conditions of Reaction | Predicted Value (%) | Desirability | Experimental Value (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | MR | CL | GC | MA | DA | TA | GC | MA | DA | TA | ||
1. | 126 | 10.4 | 0.45 | 97.52 | 2.26 | 23.96 | 69.21 | 1.000 * | 96.97 | 4.87 | 27.76 | 66.49 |
2. | 80 | 12 | 0.2 | 99.47 | 3.11 | 41.95 | 51.93 | 1.000 | 96.87 | 5.68 | 50.03 | 43.07 |
3. | 110 | 9 | 0.6 | 94.27 | 3.98 | 22.85 | 63.51 | 1.000 | 97.46 | 5.55 | 34.84 | 58.41 |
4. | 110 | 9 | 0.2 | 98.29 | 3.62 | 37.74 | 57.02 | 1.000 | 97.19 | 5.24 | 39.67 | 54.23 |
Sample | S a (%) | SAD b (mmol/g) | SAD c (mmol/g) | TAD d (mmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh catalyst | 3.72 | 1.16 | 1.57 | 7.10 |
Spent catalyst | 0.95 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 1.69 |
Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Unit | Code | Minimum | Maximum |
−1 | 1 | |||
Temperature | °C | A | 80 | 140 |
Mole ratio | - | B | 6 | 12 |
Catalyst load | g | C | 0.2 | 1 |
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Nda-Umar, U.I.; Ramli, I.; Muhamad, E.N.; Azri, N.; Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production. Molecules 2020, 25, 5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225221
Nda-Umar UI, Ramli I, Muhamad EN, Azri N, Taufiq-Yap YH. Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production. Molecules. 2020; 25(22):5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225221
Chicago/Turabian StyleNda-Umar, Usman Idris, Irmawati Ramli, Ernee Noryana Muhamad, Norsahida Azri, and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. 2020. "Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production" Molecules 25, no. 22: 5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225221