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Article

Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu

by
Lulu Wang
,
Mengxin Gao
,
Zhipeng Liu
,
Shuang Chen
* and
Yan Xu
*
State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4429; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194429
Submission received: 10 September 2020 / Revised: 21 September 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 / Published: 27 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 25th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
In this study, the detailed volatile compositions of Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu (HAB) were characterized by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). A total of 606 compounds were tentatively identified by similarity, mass spectral data, and retention indices, among which 247 compounds were positively verified by authentic standards. Esters were present in higher numbers (179), followed by aldehydes and ketones (111), and alcohols (81). In addition, there were also many terpenes (82), sulfides (37), furans (29), nitrogenous compounds (29), lactones (17), and so on. Meanwhile, the extraction effects of volatile components from different sample pretreatment methods (headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), solid phase extraction (SPE), and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)) for HAB were also revealed. The results indicated that HS-SPME has a better extraction effect on easily volatile compounds, such as alcohols and sulfides, especially for terpenes. SPE was particularly beneficial for the analysis of nitrogen-containing compounds; SBSE showed medium extraction ability for most types of compounds and was more suitable for the target analysis of trace content substances.

1. Introduction

As a traditional indigenous spirit and the most distilled liquor produced globally [1], Baijiu plays an important role in the Chinese traditional food industry, with nearly 8 million kiloliters of production in 2019 [2]. Baijiu is made from sorghum as the main raw material, produced by a solid-state spontaneous fermentation process, which accumulates a complex community of microorganisms contributing to the generation of complex layers of flavor [3,4]. Due to the differences in production technology and aroma characteristics, Baijiu can be divided into different aroma-type categories, including soy sauce aroma type, light aroma-type, strong aroma-type, and herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu (HAB), etc. Among them, HAB is produced from sorghum mixed with more than 100 Chinese herbs [5], which gives the distillate a distinctive flavor and creates more aroma active substances.
Volatile compositions are often regarded as the main characteristics to determine Baijiu quality and are essential for consumers’ criteria; therefore, most studies focus on the identification of volatile components in Baijiu. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and other techniques have been gradually applied to the study of Baijiu, and hundreds of volatile components have been identified so far. Nevertheless, because the resolution of one-dimensional gas chromatography (1DGC) has a limit to separating mixtures including hundreds or even thousands of components, it is often necessary to combine normal phase chromatography and other complex pre-separation methods to assist in the separation and identification of volatile components in Baijiu samples [6,7]. Therefore, to meet the requirement of stronger separation energy, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged. GC×GC involves the combination of two capillary columns with different separation mechanisms through a single modulator. With properly selected orthogonal separation mechanisms, GC×GC allows for the separation of a large number of compounds in a single chromatographic run due to the added selectivity of the second column and inherently high peak capacity [8]. GC×GC has been a powerful technique for analyzing volatile components in highly complex samples [9,10], such as petroleum [11], environmental samples [12], essential oils [13], and wines [14]. Through acquisition of a large amount of data from samples based on GC×GC, significantly different compounds from different regions or varieties were recognized by means of multivariate analysis [15,16,17]. GC×GC has also been used to create sample-specific fingerprints for sample differentiation [18]; for example, Cordero et al. used GC×GC for the creation of two-dimensional (2D) fingerprints for roasted hazelnuts from different cultivars, varieties, and geographical origins [19]. In addition, Gracka et al. used GC×GC to monitor the changes in volatile compounds related to roasting conditions [20].
Despite the significant benefits offered by GC×GC for the separation and identification of volatiles, sample preparation is also a critical step when characterizing the volatile compositions in such a complex matrix. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been by far the most applied sample preparation method in GC×GC, followed by solid phase extraction (SPE), and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [21]. A series of validated HS-SPME methods have been proposed for targeted analyses of volatile compounds in a variety of samples [22,23], while research found that HS-SPME has limited application for some influential high-boiling compounds [8]. Accordingly, to compensate for these shortcomings, SPE combined with GC×GC was utilized for the detailed investigation of particularly low-level semi-volatiles and obtained a satisfactory result in wine [24].
In the recent years, GC×GC has been gradually applied to the component analysis of soy sauce aroma-type Baijiu [25] and strong aroma-type Baijiu [26], and more than 1000 volatile components have been identified. However, there are few studies of HAB [27,28], and no systematic analysis using GC×GC has been performed so far. Hence, we analyzed HAB by means of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for the purpose of overall characterization of volatiles and revealed the volatile compound profile, and potentially key aromatic compounds. Meanwhile, three pretreatment methods (HS-SPME, SPE, and SBSE) in combination with GC×GC-TOFMS were used for the first time to compare the extraction ability on a complex Baijiu sample and determine the biased analysis of some methods for certain groups of compounds.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. GC×GC-TOFMS Separation and Identification of Volatile Components in HAB

GC×GC-TOFMS was used for the overall characterization of volatile components in HAB in this study based on the higher capacity, significantly enhanced resolving power, and spectral deconvolution function. As Baijiu mainly consists of polar compounds, such as esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, a (polar × medium-polar) column combination can be more beneficial to the separation [25]. Figure 1A is the 2D chromatogram obtained for HAB analyzed by HS-SPME combined with GC×GC-TOFMS. Ordered chromatograms of homologous series in HAB are observed using the above reversed-type column set. Baijiu has a complex matrix consisting of a large number of volatiles with wide-ranging physicochemical properties, and abundant coelution is observed on conventional 1DGC. This restriction is overcome in GC×GC by subjecting the sample to separation based on two different mechanisms, e.g., polarity in 1D and mid-polarity in 2D. Figure 1B,C illustrates the effectiveness of this approach for HAB analysis. Obviously, the number of compounds shown in this figure could not be separated using conventional 1DGC methods. In fact, only approximately 1/5 of the compounds detected here can be fully resolved in one dimension. As shown in Figure 2A, acetic acid 2-phenylethyl ester, 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, hexyl octanoate, and β-damascenone were coeluted during 1DGC separation, and this overlapping peak makes qualitative and quantitative analysis difficult. Figure 2A shows that these four compounds are easily separated in the 2D plot. Analytes flowing from the 1st column were sequentially separated by 2nd columns with different retention mechanisms, and the interference of coeluted components was efficiently reduced. Figure 2B shows the mass spectra of the four compounds compared to the mass spectra in the NIST library, and the results indicate that identification of the compound is accurate.
Another advantage of GC×GC is the generation of structured chromatograms. The compounds with similar chemical structures will be grouped in a 2D plot. As shown in Figure 1D, the presence of four homologous series compounds was observed for some straight-chain esters, alcohols, acids, and aldehydes. The lines described in the graph show a tendency of organized distribution of these components in the 2D space, and labels represent the carbon atom number of the molecule. The organized distribution of homologous members can be predicted or confirmed, so it is very useful for reliable identification. Esters and alcohols have lower polarity, so they eluted early on the 1st column. Polar acid compounds were retained better in the 1D column, because of their strong polarity; they eluted at higher temperatures, so they eluted earlier on the second dimension and appeared at the bottom. However, apparent 2D tailing was observed for acid compounds, which may cause more coelutions and influence the accurate identification, especially of minor constituents. Tailing in the 2nd dimension was related to the incompatibility of the polar compounds with the mid-polar stationary phase used in 2D.
Nontargeted analysis is performed when it is desirable to have knowledge of all the components in a mixture. In this study, more than 3000 chromatographic peaks with signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios greater than 100 were recognized by deconvolution. Then, the deconvoluted mass spectra were compared with NIST 2014 and Wiley 9 spectral libraries using Chroma TOF4.61.1.0 software with a match value of 70% as the minimum requirement, and 1266 compounds were retained. Next, 472 unwanted search results were eliminated. Finally, a total of 606 compounds were verified by comparing retention indices and mass spectra to those of reference standards. Among them, 247 compounds were positively verified by authentic standards.

2.2. Comparison of Pretreatment Methods

Figure 3 shows the 2D plot of HAB extracts obtained by three different pretreatment methods (HS-SPME, SPE, and SBSE). Table S1 lists the 606 compounds identified in this study, grouped according to different chemical classes. This result showed the most detailed characterization of volatile constituents in HAB for the first time. Figure 4 presents the correlation of HAB analytes identified by three pretreatment methods, and only 205 compounds were commonly identified, which shows the great difference among the three pretreatment methods. Table 1 compares the number of compounds identified in each class using HS-SPME, SPE, and SBSE.
HS-SPME is based on the establishment of partition equilibrium of the analytes between the polymeric stationary phase, which covers a fused silica fiber, and the matrix of the sample. It is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive technique in which the extraction and concentration processes are performed simultaneously; furthermore, only small sample volumes are required [29]. A total of 409 volatile compounds were identified by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, including esters, alcohols, sulfides, and terpenes; however, lactones and nitrogenous compounds were poorly detected. The results indicated that HS-SPME was particularly beneficial for the analysis of volatile compounds, but defective for the extraction of some high-boiling volatile compounds.
SPE has also been reported to have the functions of extraction, enrichment, and rinsing. Abundant adsorbent material can provide high extraction capacity when properly optimized [21]. SPE is supposed to be the complementary nature of the extraction techniques for HS-SPME, which is best exploited for the analysis of semi-volatiles. Several peaks present at the end of the contour plot by SPE were not detected when using HS-SPME, such as γ-dodecalactone, ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate, ethyl linoleate, and ethyl vanillate. In addition, more nitrogenous compounds were detected when using SPE protocol. However, some volatile compounds may be lost, including terpenes and volatile sulfides, because the Baijiu sample was exposed to atmosphere during extraction.
SBSE was initially introduced in 1999 as a miniaturized and solvent-free extraction technique for aqueous samples. Compared with HS-SPME, SBSE provides greater analytical sensitivity and reaches much lower detection and quantification limits. The reason is that the enrichment factor for SBSE is higher than that of HS-SPME using the same stationary phase, because of the 50–250 times larger volume of extraction phase on the stir bar [30]. However, large amounts of stationary phase extracted excessive amounts of solute, thus overloading the GC×GC system (particularly the 2nd column). After split injection (20:1), more terpenes and sulfides were obtained than by the SPE method, due to the apolar adsorbent material PDMS. On the other hand, more high-boiling compounds, including higher fatty acid esters, acids, nitrogenous compounds, and lactones, were obtained.

2.3. Volatile Components in HAB

A total of 606 volatile compounds were identified in this study, among which esters were present in the highest number (179), followed by aldehydes and ketones (111), terpenes (82), alcohols (81), sulfides (37), furans (29), nitrogenous compounds (29), acids (23), phenols (18), and lactones (17).

2.3.1. Skeleton Components

Esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and ketones are the skeletal components of Chinese Baijiu. A total of 179 esters were detected in this study. Among them, ethyl esters were the most representative, and the ethyl esters homologous C2–C12 and C14–C18 were all detected. Ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl hexanoate are the key aroma compounds in Baijiu, which mainly contribute to its fruity and sweet aroma. In addition, some compounds with very low odor thresholds that cannot be found in the previous literature also contribute to the overall aroma, for example (Figure 5), ethyl 3-methylvalerate has an odor threshold of 8 ng/L and contributes to a strawberry flavor [31]; ethyl cyclohexanoate has an odor threshold of 1 ng/L and reveals strawberry and anise aroma [32]; ethyl cinnamate is known for its honey and cinnamon flavor with an odor threshold of 1 μg/L [33].
Aldehydes and ketones were the second major categories of identified volatiles, amounting to a total of 111 compounds, and the homologous series of straight-chain aldehydes from C2–C12 were all detected. (E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal is the strongest aroma aldehyde compound in HAB and is described as having a strong cucumber aroma [27]; 3-methyl-butanal presents cocoa and almond aroma with an odor threshold of 0.5 μg/L [27]; 2,3-butanedione has been described as contributing a butter aroma with an odor threshold of 100 μg/L [33]; (E)-2-octenal is a key aroma odorant of Chinese chixiang aroma-type Baijiu, which has a fatty flavor with an odor threshold of 15.1 μg/L [27]. 3-Methyl-butanal, 2,3-butanedione and (E)-2-octenal were identified in this study for the first time.
Alcohols are highly volatile constituents of alcoholic beverages transformed from sugar during fermentation. Among them, 39 out of the 81 alcohols were confirmed using authentic standards, and the homologous series of saturated straight-chain primary alcohols from C3-C12 were all detected. 2-Butanol, 1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol have odor thresholds of 50, 2.73, and 179 mg/L, respectively, in Baijiu. They are also important aroma compounds in HAB, contributing to the fruit or mellow flavor [27].
A total of 23 acid compounds were identified in this study, most of which are saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids. The homologous series of straight-chain monocarboxylic fatty acids from C1–C10, C14, and C16 were all detected, among which butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, and hexanoic acid play an important role in the flavor of Baijiu, which contributes to rancid and cheesy odors [27]; 2-methyl butyric acid and phenylacetic acid have relatively low odor thresholds of 5.9 and 1.4 mg/L, respectively, and are the key food odorants (KFO) [34].

2.3.2. Terpenes

Many terpenoids have important physiological activities, although they exist with low contents in Baijiu. A total of 82 terpenoid compounds (Table 2) were detected in this study, including mono- and polyterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, and esters. This represents a significant improvement in the number of terpenoids detected by GC×GC-TOFMS compared to a previous report (only 41 compounds) [28]. Terpenes are well-known varietal compounds of Vitis vinifera, and raw materials are important sources of terpenoids; furthermore, most terpenes exist in grapes, and their contribution to wine aroma is significant [35]. During the production process of HAB, more than 100 Chinese herbs are mixed in the raw materials, which create more terpenoid compounds and give Baijiu a distinctive flavor. In addition, substantial evidence also exists to show the formation of terpene-related compounds during fermentation and aging.
Linalool, geraniol, and β-citronellol are common terpenes in Baijiu and present floral aroma properties. The odor perception thresholds of these compounds are 13.1 μg/L, 120 μg/L, and 300 μg/L [36], respectively. Geosmin is known for its beet, earth aroma as an off-flavor compound, whose odor threshold is 0.1 μg/L in 46%vol ethanol aqueous solution [37]. β-Ionone is believed to be responsible for the characteristic violet and floral aroma, whose concentration in Baijiu is generally 0.3–2.2 μg/L, and the odor threshold in 46%vol ethanol aqueous solution is 1.3 μg/L [36]. In addition, a series of terpenes with low thresholds were also found in this study for the first time (as shown in Figure 5); for example, 1,8-cineole presents a fresh odor with an odor threshold of 0.26 μg/L, and β-cyclocitral has an odor threshold of 5 μg/L [38].

2.3.3. Sulfides

Volatile sulfides play a remarkable role in the aroma of food and beverages, even when present at low concentrations [39,40]. Recently, Wang et al. found that the imbalance of sulfides will lead to the off-odor in soy sauce aroma-type Baijiu; however, these compounds might contribute to the overall aroma of Baijiu at relatively low concentrations [41]. In this study, a total of 37 sulfides (Table 3) were identified, of which 28 compounds have not been reported before in Baijiu. Sulfides usually have a relatively low odor threshold and contribute to the onion, cabbage, and sulfur aroma. Dimethyl trisulfide is an important sulfide in Baijiu, and it is well known for the onion and cabbage aroma with an odor threshold of 0.36 μg/L [42]. Methional is characterized by cooked potatoes and has a perception threshold of 7.1 μg/L [42]. Several sulfides were first reported in HAB, and s-methyl ester butanethioic acid shows a sulfurous and cheesy aroma [43], 5-Methyl-2-formylthiophene is described as moldy odor, and 1,2,4-trithiolane contributes the roasted beef and sulfurous aroma.

2.3.4. Cyclic Components

Furans, phenols, and lactones were classified under this group. In this research, a total of 29 furans were detected. Compounds of 1-(2-furanyl)-ethanone, 5-methyl-furfural, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, and 2-furanmethanol have been described as contributing a honey, caramel odor [27]. Dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone reveals sweet, bread and buttery aroma with a sensory threshold of 5 ng/L [44]. This kind of compound mainly contributes to the sweet aroma of Baijiu.
Eight out of the 18 phenols are first detected in HAB. 2-Methoxy-4-ethylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol and 2-methoxy phenol were reported to be important aroma compounds in HAB, revealing smoke, sweet, and spice aroma with odor thresholds of 123 μg/L, 315 μg/L, and 13 μg/L, respectively. 2-Methyl-phenol and 3-ethyl-phenol are key food odorants [34], and they have not been reported in HAB before.
A total of 17 lactone compounds were detected in the current study, of which 12 were identified in Baijiu for the first time. γ-Caprolactone and γ-nonalactone present weak sweet, fruity aroma in HAB [27]. γ-Decalactone has been reported to contribute to peachy and fatty aroma with a threshold of 5000 μg/L [33]. γ-Dodecalactone is responsible for the sweet and floral aroma with a threshold of 7 μg/L [33]. γ-6-(Z)-dodecenolactone was first detected in Baijiu and is associated with sweet and fruity aroma, and its odor threshold is 700 ng/L [45].

2.3.5. Nitrogenous Components

In this study, a total of 29 nitrogenous compounds were detected in HAB, mainly consisting of pyrazines, pyrroles, and pyridines. Tetramethyl-pyrazine was previously described as a baked flavor in HAB [27]. Isopropylpyrazine was identified in Baijiu for the first time.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Reagents and Chemicals

A commercially available Dongjiu Baijiu (54% ethanol) was used, which was produced by Guizhou Dongjiu Co., Ltd. (Guizhou, China) according to the National Standard of Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu (DB52/T550). All chemical standards with high-purity grade (GC grade) and C7-C30 n-alkane mixture were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Organic solvents of methanol (HPLC grade), ethanol (HPLC grade), and dichloromethane (HPLC grade) were purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Group Corp. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

3.2. Sample Extraction Methods

3.2.1. HS-SPME

An automatic headspace sampling system (MultiPurpose Sample MPS 2 with a SPME adaptor, from Gerstel Inc., Muülheim, Ruhr, Germany) with a 50/30 μm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber (2 cm, Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used to extract the volatile compounds. Following a method presented in the literature [41], the Baijiu sample was diluted with ultrapure water to a final concentration of 10% ethanol by volume. A total of 10 mL diluted Baijiu sample was transferred into a 20 mL screw-capped vial and saturated with 3 g of NaCl. Then, the sample was equilibrated at 40 °C for 5 min and extracted for 40 min at the same temperature under stirring at a rotation speed of 250 rpm. The extracts were desorbed in a GC splitless injector port at 250 °C for 5 min.

3.2.2. SPE

SPE was based on a slightly modified method described by Chen et al. [46]. A total of 10 mL HAB was diluted with ultrapure water to 50 mL and saturated with 15 g of NaCl. The SPE cartridge (0.8 cm internal diameter, 12 mL internal volume, Sigma Aldrich, Shanghai, China) was consecutively conditioned using 20 mL of dichloromethane, 20 mL of methanol, and 30 mL of ultrapure water. A total of 50 mL diluted sample was passed through the Lichrolut EN cartridge at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. After the sample had been loaded, 30 mL ultrapure water was used to rinse the sorbent. Then, the sorbent was dried by letting the air pass through it (−0.6 bar, 10 min). Extracts were recovered by elution with 10 mL of dichloromethane, concentrated under a gentle stream of nitrogen to a final volume of 500 μL, and stored at −20 °C until analysis. Finally, 1 μL extracts were injected into the GC splitless injector port at 250 °C with 450 s acquisition delay.

3.2.3. SBSE

In this study, SBSE was carried out according to the description in the literature [47]. Stir bars (Twister) coated with PDMS (10 mm length × 1.0 mm thickness) were obtained from GERSTEL. Prior to use, the stir bar was conditioned for 30 min at 280 °C in a flow of helium. The Baijiu sample was diluted with ultrapure water to a final concentration of 10% ethanol by volume. A 10 mL diluted sample was saturated with 3 g NaCl in a 20 mL glass vial, and a stir bar was immersed in the sample for enriching the substance. Then, the sample was placed in an agitation plate at 25 °C and extracted at 800 rpm for 90 min. After extraction, the stir bar was removed with a magnetic rod (twister taking tool) and forceps, rinsed briefly with ultrapure water to remove ethanol, and dried with lint-free tissue, followed by placement in a sample holder for GC×GC-TOFMS analysis.
An automatic headspace sampling system was used to analyze the extracts in this study. The stir bar was placed in a glass thermal desorption liner and thermally desorbed by programming the twister desorption unit (TDU) from 35 °C heated at a rate of 700 °C/min to a final temperature of 270 °C and held for 5 min. TDU injection was in split ratio of 20:1 mode during thermal desorption. A cooled injection system (CIS4) was used in the GC×GC-TOFMS system. CIS4 was in solvent vent mode with a venting flow of 60 mL/min for 4.7 min at a venting pressure of 80 kPa. The initial temperature of CIS4 was kept at −60 °C for 0.2 min, ramped at a rate of 10 °C/s to a final temperature of 250 °C, and held for 3 min.

3.3. GC×GC-TOFMS Instrumentation

Experiments were performed on a LECO Pegasus® 4D GC×GC-TOFMS system (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA). This instrument consisted of an Agilent 7890B GC (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) incorporating LECO’s thermal modulator (dual-stage quad-jet) and a secondary oven mounted inside the primary GC oven. The column set consisted of a 60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm DB-FFAP (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) primary column and a 1.5 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm Rxi-17Sil MS secondary column (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Ultrahigh purity helium was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow of 1.00 mL/min. The separation was performed using the following temperature program: 45 °C kept for 3 min, ramped at 4 °C/min to 150 °C and held for 2 min; reaching 200 °C at 6 °C/min and 230 °C at 10 °C/min for 20 min. The secondary oven was operated at 5 °C higher than the primary oven throughout. The modulator was offset by +20 °C in relation to the primary oven. A modulation period of 4 s (hot pulse of 0.80 s) was used.
The TOFMS parameters included ion source of 230 °C and transfer line of 240 °C, electron energy of -70 volts, acquisition of 1430, mass range of 35–400 amu, and acquisition rate of 100 spectra/s.

3.4. Data Processing

ChromaTOF version 4.61.1.0 software (LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MI, USA) was used for peak finding, mass spectral deconvolution, peak area integration, and library searching. Automated peak finding and spectral deconvolution with a baseline offset of 0.5 and S/N of 100 after evaluating serval options (i.e., 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200). All analyses were performed in triplicate for each extraction method. The existence of the compound is considered reliable only when the number of detections is greater than 2 at the same retention time. Tentative identification was based on the comparison of mass spectra with the NIST 2014 and Weliy 9 databases using a minimum similarity value of 700 as the criterion, as well as experimentally determined linear retention indices compared to NIST library values. A series of n-alkanes were analyzed under the same conditions to determine first dimension linear retention indices (LRIs) for each compound. A maximum deviation of 30 between the experimental and literature RI values was used as the criterion. Some identification results may be consistent with MS and RI identification, but the 2nd dimensional retention time may not meet the linear distributions of homologous series. The ordered chromatograms of homologous series can also be used for identification. In addition, positive verification of 247 compounds (~41% of the total number) was based on comparison of retention time with authentic standards.

4. Conclusions

The combination of HS-SPME, SPE, and SBSE sample preparation methods coupled with GC×GC-TOFMS analysis enabled us to (tentatively and positively) identify 606 compounds in HAB. Many low content compounds that have never been reported before were identified for the first time. Especially for terpenes, 41 more compounds were identified than previously reported, which are important physiologically active substances in HAB. Furthermore, the contributions of some important compounds were studied in terms of aroma characteristics and odor thresholds. Meanwhile, the three extraction methods show distinct differences and biases for specific analytes. HS-SPME preferred the analysis of alcohols, sulfur-containing, and terpenes compounds; SPE generally revealed more high-boiling compounds, such as lactones and nitrogenous compounds; SBSE showed general extraction ability for all types of compounds, but too much adsorption led to chromatogram overload, making it suitable for the identification of trace content substances. Therefore, the analysis of volatiles in such a complex sample requires multiple pretreatment methods coupled with GC×GC-TOFMS. Importantly, the method can be applied to other alcoholic beverage systems for the determination of the specific kinds of volatile compounds. This approach proved beneficial for the analysis of terpenes, lactones, and sulfur containing compounds, which are important flavor contributors of Baijiu. In addition, the development of this technique laid a foundation for the quantitative determination of the content substances at very low levels (in the region of μg L−1 and lower). Based on the feasibility of accurate quantification, it is hoped that this method can be used to monitor the formation of key aroma substances in the production process of Baijiu.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, Table S1: Volatile compounds identified in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS, Table S2: Peak area of 606 volatile compounds identified in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.

Author Contributions

L.W., Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, visualization, writing - review & editing; M.G., Validation, data curation; Z.L., investigation, writing—original draft; S.C., Conceptualization, validation, supervision, review & editing; Y.X., Supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31530055), National Key R&D Program of China (no. 2018YFC1604100), Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (no.2018M631971), National First-class Discipline Program of Light Industry Technology and Engineering (no. LITE2018-12), 111 Program of Introducing Talents (no. 111-2-06), and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (no. 2018JZ0033).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of all chemicals used in this study are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 04429 g001 550
Figure 1. (A) Complete 2D contour plot; (B,C) present detailed portions of the contour plot to illustrate some of the identified compounds. Compound numbers correspond to Table S1. (D) GC × GC distribution of homologous series. Esters: ethyl propionate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl valerate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, and ethyl decanoate. Aldehydes: pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal. Alcohols: propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, and nonanol. Acids: acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, and decanoic acid.
Figure 1. (A) Complete 2D contour plot; (B,C) present detailed portions of the contour plot to illustrate some of the identified compounds. Compound numbers correspond to Table S1. (D) GC × GC distribution of homologous series. Esters: ethyl propionate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl valerate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl nonanoate, and ethyl decanoate. Aldehydes: pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal. Alcohols: propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, and nonanol. Acids: acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, and decanoic acid.
Molecules 25 04429 g001
Molecules 25 04429 g002 550
Figure 2. (A) Four peaks shown in the two-dimensional chromatogram and modulated peaks of four compounds found in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu. (B) Deconvoluted mass spectra of compounds.
Figure 2. (A) Four peaks shown in the two-dimensional chromatogram and modulated peaks of four compounds found in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu. (B) Deconvoluted mass spectra of compounds.
Molecules 25 04429 g002
Molecules 25 04429 g003 550
Figure 3. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) contour plot obtained from the HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS analysis of herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu, and 4 classes of compounds distributed in contour plot (red balls are nitrogenous compounds, green balls are sulfides, gray balls are terpenes, and blue balls are lactone compounds).
Figure 3. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) contour plot obtained from the HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS analysis of herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu, and 4 classes of compounds distributed in contour plot (red balls are nitrogenous compounds, green balls are sulfides, gray balls are terpenes, and blue balls are lactone compounds).
Molecules 25 04429 g003
Molecules 25 04429 g004 550
Figure 4. Comparison of identification compounds obtained by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS. (A) (Venn diagram) and (B) (Bar plot graph displaying compound distribution according to chemical class).
Figure 4. Comparison of identification compounds obtained by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS. (A) (Venn diagram) and (B) (Bar plot graph displaying compound distribution according to chemical class).
Molecules 25 04429 g004
Molecules 25 04429 g005 550
Figure 5. Chemical structure of some aroma compounds first reported in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
Figure 5. Chemical structure of some aroma compounds first reported in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
Molecules 25 04429 g005
Table
Table 1. Comparison of volatile compounds detected in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu using HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS.
Table 1. Comparison of volatile compounds detected in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu using HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, SPE-GC×GC-TOFMS, and SBSE-GC×GC-TOFMS.
ClassNumber of Compounds
SPMESPESBSETotal
Esters125125121179
Aldehydes & Ketones716666111
Terpenes62304582
Alcohols57475081
Sulfides29202737
Furans20182129
Nitrogenous compounds6231829
Acids19182023
Phenols13141518
Lactones7121217
Total409373395606
Table
Table 2. A total of 82 terpene compounds in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
Table 2. A total of 82 terpene compounds in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
NO.CompoundsRT1 aRT2 bSimilarityLRIcal cLRIlit dIdentification e
1δ-3-Carene7842.988421139 1166RI, MS, Tent
2α-Limonene8922.89131193 1200RI, MS, STD
31,8-Cineole9202.978621207 1211RI, MS, Tent
4Terpinolene11242.698861306 1280RI, MS, STD
5α-Thujone13402.447901414 1431RI, MS, Tent
6trans-Linalool oxide14601.999251476 1483RI, MS, Tent
7cis-Linalool oxide14642.029211478 1454RI, MS, Tent
8α-Longipinene14723.598281483 1482RI, MS, Tent
9α-Copaene15043.638311500 1497RI, MS, Tent
10Daucene15083.638791502 1495RI, MS, STD
11Longicyclene15283.678891513 1497RI, MS, Tent
12Theaspirane B15323.177171515 1522RI, MS, Tent
13Camphor 15323.877581515 1540RI, MS, STD
14(−)-Camphor15642.419491532 1532RI, MS, Tent
15Vitispirane15762.958531539 1527RI, MS, Tent
16α-Gurjunene15803.779031541 1529RI, MS, Tent
17Linalool15881.819471545 1552RI, MS, STD
18Theaspirane16003.118381552 1523RI, MS, Tent
19α-Cedrene16283.748771568 1571RI, MS, STD
20Carvomenthone16282.467531567 1552RI, MS, Tent
21β-Funebrene16363.78601572 1588RI, MS, Tent
22Junipene16563.619261583 1583RI, MS, Tent
23d-Fenchyl alcohol16641.879421586 1588RI, MS, Tent
24α-trans-Bergamotene16723.359031591 1583RI, MS, Tent
25α-Guaiene16843.488601598 1598RI, MS, Tent
26β-Elemene16843.049081598 1586RI, MS, Tent
27Calarene16923.629161602 1604RI, MS, STD
28trans-Caryophyllene17003.439491607 1581RI, MS, STD
29Terpinen-4-ol17042.099401608 1628RI, MS, STD
30Isophorone17082.079201610 1600RI, MS, STD
31trans-Edulan17202.87481617 1620RI, MS, Tent
32β-Terpineol17481.918621632 1616RI, MS, Tent
33β-Cyclocitral17482.48241632 1613RI, MS, STD
34α-Patchoulene17763.868191648 1640RI, MS, Tent
35Alloaromadendrene 17883.888841655 1644RI, MS, Tent
36β-Barbatene18003.847461662 1667RI, MS, Tent
37γ-Gurjunene18043.939191664 1674RI, MS, Tent
38Isoborneol18202.038031671 1672RI, MS, Tent
39α-Humulene18323.789191679 1680RI, MS, Tent
40l-Borneol18522.057301689 1675RI, MS, Tent
41α-Terpineol18722.029581700 1700RI, MS, STD
42γ-Amorphene18643.688951696 1724RI, MS, Tent
43Ledene 18803.689021705 1701RI, MS, Tent
44trans-Borneol18801.959241704 1679RI, MS, Tent
45β-Chamigrene19003.668641716 1702RI, MS, Tent
46Valencene 19283.448991731 1726RI, MS, Tent
47α-bisabolene19363.188781735 1720RI, MS, STD
48Germacrene A19563.378391747 1743RI, MS, Tent
49α-Chamigrene19603.468511749 1753RI, MS, Tent
50δ-Cadinene 19883.259321764 1753RI, MS, STD
51β-Citronellol19921.778891765 1771RI, MS, STD
527 epi-a-Selinene20083.268731775 1772RI, MS, Tent
53α-Curcumene20162.798811779 1788RI, MS, Tent
54Nerol 20721.78451811 1821RI, MS, Tent
55Isogeraniol 20961.698321827 1818RI, MS, Tent
56β-Damascenone21042.269101832 1827RI, MS, STD
57Dihydro-β-ionone21242.368351845 1854RI, MS, Tent
58l-calamenene21242.819461846 1838RI, MS, STD
59Geraniol21321.78721850 1851RI, MS, STD
60trans-Geranylacetone21482.198771861 1862RI, MS, STD
61Geosmin21482.329021861 1858RI, MS, STD
62α-Ionone21562.28461866 1866RI, MS, STD
63α-Dehydro-himachalene21842.618361885 1882RI, MS, Tent
64α-Calacorene22482.538981930 1904RI, MS, Tent
65Palustrol22642.468991941 1938RI, MS, Tent
66trans-β-Ionone22802.158541952 1953RI, MS, STD
67cis-Jasmone22921.998591961 1955RI, MS, STD
68β-Caryophyllene oxide22962.177921964 1990RI, MS, Tent
69d-Nerolidol23881.849212036 2010RI, MS, Tent
70E-Nerolidol23921.829262040 2054RI, MS, Tent
71Epicubenol24362.077652077 2078RI, MS, Tent
72α-Corocalene24362.158632077 2083RI, MS, Tent
73Cubenol24362.077872077 2071RI, MS, Tent
746-Isocedrol24961.958942135 2162RI, MS, Tent
75α-Cedrol24961.958772135 2127RI, MS, Tent
76β-Bisabolol25201.827282160 2151RI, MS, Tent
77Torreyol25561.928152197 2197RI, MS, Tent
78α-Cadinol25561.928102197 2217RI, MS, STD
79α-Eudesmol25921.987192237 2223RI, MS, Tent
80β-Eudesmol 260028212246 2246RI, MS, Tent
81Farnesol27001.958462353 2351RI, MS, Tent
829H-Fluorene 27322.169072386 2374RI, MS, Tent
a RT1: retention time on the primary column. b RT2: retention time on the secondary column. c LRIcal: calculated linear retention indices. d LRIlit: literature linear retention indices obtained from the NIST library (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/). e Identification: tentative identification (Tent.) based on retention indices (RI) and mass spectra (MS), positive identification based on retention times of authentic standards (STD).
Table
Table 3. A total of 37 sulfides in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
Table 3. A total of 37 sulfides in Chinese herbaceous aroma-type Baijiu.
NoCompoundsRT1 aRT2 bSimilarityLRIcal cLRIlit dIdentification e
1Methanethiol 2921.34985669 643RI, MS, STD
2Dimethyl sulfide3161.43895750 774RI, MS, STD
3Methyl thiolacetate6281.698141054 1052RI, MS, Tent
4Dimethyl disulfide6681.819601077 1078RI, MS, STD
5S-Methyl propanethioate7521.957491122 1131RI, MS, STD
6Methyl ethyl disulfide8042.057361149 1141RI, MS, Tent
7S-Methyl ester butanethioic acid9082.138351201 1198RI, MS, STD
8Thiazole 10321.599071261 1259RI, MS, STD
9Dimethyl trisulphide13122.169661399 1400RI, MS, STD
10S-Methyl hexanethioate13402.378951414 1412RI, MS, Tent
11Methyl pentyl disulfide14002.487641445 1445RI, MS, Tent
124,5-Dimethyl-2-isopropyl-thiazole14242.477471457 1436RI, MS, Tent
13Ethyl 2-(methylthio)acetate14281.889021459 1484RI, MS, STD
14Methional14481.728261470 1480RI, MS, STD
152-Pentyl-thiophene 14482.518931470 1452RI, MS, Tent
16Furfuryl methyl sulfide15041.879131499 1492RI, MS, Tent
174,5-Dimethyl-2-isobutylthiazole15682.577091534 1514RI, MS, Tent
182-(Methylthio)ethanol15761.57251538 1520RI, MS, Tent
19Methyl propyl trisulfide15882.477521545 1529RI, MS, Tent
20Ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate164429611575 1580RI, MS, STD
212,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-trithiolane17242.328651619 1618RI, MS, Tent
223-(Methylthio)propyl acetate17601.997521639 1627RI, MS, Tent
232,4,5-Trithiahexane18282.268951676 1662RI, MS, Tent
24Methyl benzyl sulfide18362.369321680 1665RI, MS, STD
253-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde18681.777111697 1687RI, MS, Tent
262-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 18961.739201713 1722RI, MS, STD
27Methionol19161.569141724 1721RI, MS, STD
285-Methyl-2-formylthiophene19321.98141733 1759RI, MS, Tent
29Dimethyl tetrasulphide19882.327271763 1750RI, MS, Tent
301,2,4-Trithiolane200428661772 1760RI, MS, Tent
313-Acetylthiophene20441.757521794 1772RI, MS, Tent
322-Acetylthiophen20441.747171794 1785RI, MS, STD
33Furfuryl methyl disulfide20881.948461822 1813RI, MS, Tent
343-Methyl-2-thiophenecarbaldehyde21041.767981832 1815RI, MS, Tent
351-(2-Thienyl) propanone21441.87141858 1840RI, MS, Tent
36Benzothiazole23201.788351981 1958RI, MS, STD
372-Phenylthiophene24761.767802114 2124RI, MS, STD
a RT1: retention time on the primary column. b RT2: retention time on the secondary column. c LRIcal: calculated linear retention indices. d LRIlit: literature linear retention indices obtained from the NIST library (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/). e Identification: tentative identification (Tent.) based on retention indices (RI) and mass spectra (MS), positive identification based on retention times of authentic standards (STD).

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Wang, L.; Gao, M.; Liu, Z.; Chen, S.; Xu, Y. Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu. Molecules 2020, 25, 4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194429

AMA Style

Wang L, Gao M, Liu Z, Chen S, Xu Y. Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194429

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Lulu, Mengxin Gao, Zhipeng Liu, Shuang Chen, and Yan Xu. 2020. "Three Extraction Methods in Combination with GC×GC-TOFMS for the Detailed Investigation of Volatiles in Chinese Herbaceous Aroma-Type Baijiu" Molecules 25, no. 19: 4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194429

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