The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Its Impact on Health
2.1. Obesity
2.2. Inflammation and Its Link with Obesity
2.3. Obesity-Link Adipocyte and Macrophage Crosstalk
3. Flavones and Their Impact on Obesity-Induced Inflammation
3.1. Flavone Sources and Structure
3.2. Role of Flavones in Obesity-Induced Inflammation
3.3. Controlling Obesity-Associated Cancer Using Flavones
3.4. Flavones as Emerging Mediators of Gut Microbiota and Its Link with Obesity-Induced Inflammation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flavone | Experimental Model | Concentration | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apigenin | Mouse 3T3-L1 cells | 10–50 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPβ and PPARγ ↓ lipolysis: HSL, MSL ↑ fatty acid oxidation: AMPK ↓ MCE, G0/G1 arrest | [125,126] |
Human mature adipocytes | 25 μM | ↓ lipogenesis: FASN No effect adipogenesis | [127] | |
HFD-fed obese C57BL/6J mice | 15–50 mg/kg/day | ↓ adiposity ↓ lipogenesis: FASN ↑ lipolysis: ATGL, HSL ↑ fatty acid oxidation: AMPK and ACC ↓ inflammation: MAPK, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 ↓ ATM infiltration and M1 polarization ↑ thermogenesis: UCP-1 ↓ STAT3/CD36 ↓ liver steatosis and hepatic inflammation ↓ NLRP3 ↑ insulin sensitivity ↓ oxidative stress: XO and ROS ↑ Nrf2 activity | [128,129,130,131,132] | |
Luteolin | 3T3-L1 cells | 10–50 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPα and PPARγ ↓ lipogenesis | [133] |
HFD-fed obese C57BL/6J mice | 5 mg/kg/day | ↓ adiposity ↓ inflammation: IL-1β and IL-6 ↓ ATM infiltration and M1 polarization ↓ insulin resistance ↓ hepatic steatosis | [134,135,136] | |
Baicalein | 3T3-L1 cells | 12.5 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, FABP4 and PPARγ ↓ lipogenesis ↓ MCE, G0/G1 arrest | [137,138] |
Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | 20 mg/kg/day | ↑ thermogenesis: UCP-1 ↑ insulin sensitivity: GLUT4 | [139] | |
Orientin | 3T3-L1 cells | 50 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPα, C/EBPδ, PPARγ, FABP4 and GLUT4 ↓ lipogenesis: FASN, SCD, ACC ↓ lipolysis: HSL, MSL, ATGL ↓PI3K/Akt-FOXO1 | [140] |
Chrysin | 3T3-L1 cells | 50 μM | ↑ adipogenesis: C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ ↑ lipogenesis: ACC ↑ lipolysis: HSL, MSL, ↑ thermogenesis: UCP-1 ↑ AMPK | [141] |
Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | 20–30 mg/kg/day | ↓ adiposity ↑ PPARγ ↓ inflammation: TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β ↓ ATM infiltration and M1 polarization | [142] | |
Apigetrin | 3T3-L1 cells | 100 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c ↓ lipogenesis: FASN ↓ inflammation: TNF-α and IL-6 | [143] |
Vitexin | 3T3-L1 cells | 25–100 μM | ↓ adipogenesis: PPARγ ↓ lipogenesis ↑ ERK1/2 ↓ Akt | [144] |
HFD-fed obese C57BL/6 mice | 5 mg/kg/day | ↓ adiposity ↓ adipogenesis: C/EBPα and lipogenesis: FASN ↑ AMPK | [145] | |
Wogonin (Scutellaria baicalensis) | HFD-fed obese C57BL/6 mice | 500 mg/kg/day | ↓ insulin resistance ↓ inflammation: TNF-α and IFN-γ | [146] |
Baicalin | HFD-fed obese C57BL/6 mice | 5 mg/kg/day | ↑ insulin sensitivity ↓ inflammation: TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-1β ↓ oxidative stress ↑ Nrf2 activity ↑ CPT1A activity | [147,148] |
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Sudhakaran, M.; Doseff, A.I. The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2020, 25, 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112477
Sudhakaran M, Doseff AI. The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota. Molecules. 2020; 25(11):2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112477
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudhakaran, Meenakshi, and Andrea I. Doseff. 2020. "The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota" Molecules 25, no. 11: 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112477
APA StyleSudhakaran, M., & Doseff, A. I. (2020). The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota. Molecules, 25(11), 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112477