Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils and Hydrosols from Native American Muscadine Grapes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Essential Oil and Hydrosol Compositions
2.2. Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential
2.3. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Essential Oils and Hydrosols
3.3. GC-MS Analyses
3.4. Antioxidant Activity Assays
3.5. Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
3.6. Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Compound | Calculated Retention Index (Kovats) | % of TIC | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO *, Car-F | EO, Nob-F | EO, Car-B | EO, Nob-B | HY **, Car-F | HY, Nob-F | HY, Car-B | HY, Nob-B | ||
Eucalyptol | 1031 | - | - | 1.28 | 0.15 | - | - | - | - |
β-Linalool | 1097 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 8.69 | 5.95 | 12.44 | 10.73 | 7.62 | 6.50 |
Myrcenol | 1117 | - | - | 5.10 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - |
allo-Ocimene | 1130 | - | - | 14.05 | 0.23 | - | - | - | - |
β-Terpineol | 1145 | - | - | 1.17 | - | - | - | 5.33 | 6.29 |
p-Cymen-8-ol | 1184 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13.38 | 7.08 |
α-Terpineol | 1190 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 45.42 | 59.43 | 10.39 | 12.22 | 65.41 | 72.83 |
cis-Geraniol | 1227 | - | - | 0.86 | 0.10 | 1.21 | 0.15 | 1.29 | 1.20 |
trans-Geraniol | 1256 | - | - | 1.38 | 0.96 | 2.97 | 1.58 | 1.17 | 0.88 |
4-Hydroxy-3-methyl acetophenone | 1322 | - | - | - | - | 6.56 | 18.94 | - | - |
α-Cubebene | 1349 | 0.13 | 0.15 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Eugenol | 1355 | - | - | 1.69 | 0.08 | - | - | 1.03 | - |
Ylangene | 1371 | 0.27 | 0.69 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Copaene | 1376 | 0.41 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
trans-β-Damascenone | 1381 | - | - | 0.87 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - |
3,4,5-Trimethoxy toluene | 1398 | - | - | - | - | 4.65 | 7.42 | - | - |
1,3,5-Trimethyoxy benzene | 1416 | - | - | - | - | 3.09 | 5.04 | - | - |
β-Caryophyllene | 1419 | 3.48 | 3.72 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(+)-Aromadendrene | 1439 | 3.01 | 3.49 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-Farnesene | 1444 | 2.79 | 3.72 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Humulene | 1455 | 1.64 | 1.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
allo-Aromadendrene | 1462 | 2.74 | 3.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Germacrene D | 1479 | 6.94 | 4.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
β-Selinene | 1486 | 3.43 | 3.75 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Valencene | 1490 | 34.32 | 39.71 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Selinene | 1495 | 4.29 | 3.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Farnesene | 1505 | 2.26 | 1.29 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Selinene, 7-epi | 1517 | 3.28 | 2.03 | - | - | 0.35 | 2.69 | - | - |
α-Cadinene | 1539 | 2.16 | 2.88 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Elemicin | 1555 | - | - | - | - | 1.23 | 0.09 | - | - |
Nerolidol | 1564 | - | - | - | - | 0.35 | 0.12 | - | - |
Ledol | 1565 | - | - | - | - | 0.46 | 0.25 | - | - |
Globulol | 1585 | 1.53 | 0.82 | - | - | 3.92 | 0.60 | - | - |
Veridiflorol | 1589 | - | - | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.16 | - | - |
Humulene epoxide II | 1606 | 2.21 | 1.42 | - | - | 0.29 | 2.97 | - | - |
Asarone | 1623 | - | - | - | - | 2.32 | 0.10 | - | - |
epi-α-Cadinol | 1641 | 1.03 | 0.68 | - | - | 2.85 | 4.36 | - | - |
epi-α-Muurolol | 1643 | 1.45 | 1.08 | - | - | 8.77 | 6.18 | - | - |
Torreyol | 1646 | 1.64 | 0.54 | - | - | 3.00 | 2.74 | - | - |
α-Cadinol | 1654 | 4.30 | 2.86 | - | - | 22.56 | 14.26 | - | - |
Juniper camphor | 1690 | - | - | - | - | 5.83 | 3.19 | - | - |
Sample | DPPH, µM Trolox Eq./g Oil | TEAC, µM Trolox Eq./g Oil | FRAP, µM Trolox Eq./g Oil | CUPRAC, µM Trolox Eq./g Oil | NO, EC50 **, mg Oil; µL Hydrosol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO, Car-F | 3173.7 ± 326.4 *, a | 112,986.5 ± 742.3 *, a | 56,286.3 ± 466.5 *, a | 1,141,694.4 ± 2455.9 *, a | 20.0 ± 0.1 *, d |
EO, Nob-F | 2549.3 ± 308.8 *, a,b | 79,276.3 ± 431.7 *, b | 43,884.9 ± 336.9 *, b | 878,509.6 ± 1901.9 *, b | 20.0 ± 0.1 *, d |
EO, Car-B | 2964.7 ± 116.5 *, a | 4239.0 ± 162.9 *, c | 12,400.8 ± 160.0 *, c | 649,043.4 ± 1753.3 *, c | 10.0 ± 0.2 *, d |
EO, Nob-B | 1712.0 ± 256.8 *, b | 1382.3 ± 108.9 *, d | 7964.2 ± 352.5 *, d | 575,580.6 ± 2160.2 *, d | 10.0 ± 0.0 *, d |
HY, Car-F | 33.5 ± 0.7 *, c | 71.8 ± 2.3 *, e | 22.1 ± 0.6 *, e | 1.2 ± 0.0 *, e | 1720.0 ± 0.1 *, c |
HY, Nob-F | 39.6 ± 2.2 *, c | 81.0 ± 0.8 *, e | 28.6 ± 1.0 *, e | 14.3 ± 2.6 *, e | 2030.0 ± 0.2 *, b |
HY, Car-B | 21.0 ± 1.5 *, c | 20.2 ± 1.3 *, e | 19.9 ± 1.0 *, e | 1.2 ± 0.0 *, e | 1700.0 ± 0.2 *, c |
HY, Nob-B | 11.6 ± 0.7 *, c | 10.5 ± 0.8 *, e | 17.9 ± 1.0 *, e | 2.1 ± 1.5 *, e | 2220.0 ± 0.2 *, a |
Positive Control (Gallic Acid) | 15,004.9 ± 43.1 | 23,297.7 ± 25.3 | 14,850.4 ± 77.4 | 13,418.2 ± 160.4 | 210.0 ± 0.4 |
Test Microorganism | Essential Oil, Flowers, Carlos | Essential Oil, Flowers, Noble | Positive Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IZ ± SD *, mm | MIC **, % (w/v) | IZ ± SD, mm | MIC, % (w/v) | IZ ± SD, mm | MBC/MFC *** µg/mL | |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 | 10.06 ± 0.12 | 1.00 | 9.23 ± 0.25 | 1.00 | 31.30 ± 0.29 | 0.125 |
Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 | 8.23 ± 0.23 | 1.00 | 8.06 ± 0.12 | 1.00 | 28.30 ± 0.30 | 0.125 |
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 | 8.06 ± 0.12 | 2.00 | 8.06 ± 0.12 | 2.00 | 21.00 ± 0.28 | 0.25 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | - | >2.00 | - | >2.00 | 9.60 ± 0.17 | 1.00 |
Candida albicans ATTC 10231 | 14.20 ± 0.32 | 0.125 | 12.30 ± 0.26 | 0.25 | 16.60 ± 0.29 | 0.25 |
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Georgiev, V.; Ananga, A.; Dincheva, I.; Badjakov, I.; Gochev, V.; Tsolova, V. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils and Hydrosols from Native American Muscadine Grapes. Molecules 2019, 24, 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183355
Georgiev V, Ananga A, Dincheva I, Badjakov I, Gochev V, Tsolova V. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils and Hydrosols from Native American Muscadine Grapes. Molecules. 2019; 24(18):3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183355
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgiev, Vasil, Anthony Ananga, Ivayla Dincheva, Ilian Badjakov, Velizar Gochev, and Violeta Tsolova. 2019. "Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils and Hydrosols from Native American Muscadine Grapes" Molecules 24, no. 18: 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183355