Distinctive Formation of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Rice Inoculated by Different Molds, Yeasts, and Lactic Acid Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. PLS-DA for Volatile Metabolite Profiles in Fermented Rice
2.2. Volatile Compounds Based on Metabolic Pathways in Fermented Rice According to Each Microbe
2.3. Microbe-Specific Volatile Compounds in Fermented Rice
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. Volatile Compounds Analysis
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
No. 1 | Volatile Compound | Sample 2 |
---|---|---|
v6 | 2-Methylbutanal | AOR |
v7 | 3-Methylbutanal | |
v9 | Ethyl propanoate | |
v16 | Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | |
v46 | 2-Methylpropanoic acid | |
v48 | 2-Phenylacetaldehyde | |
v21 | 3-Methylbutyl acetate | ROR |
v51 | 5-Ethyloxolan-2-one | |
v36 | 3-Ethoxypropan-1-ol | |
v55 | Ethyl tetradecanoate | |
v49 | 1-Phenylethanone | |
v54 | 2-Phenylethanol | |
v12 | 3-Methylpentan-2-one | RICE/SCR/SPR/LFR/LPR |
v18 | Hexanal | |
v23 | 5-Methylhexan-2-one | |
v24 | Butan-1-ol | |
v27 | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-one | |
v30 | 3-Hydroxybutan-2-one | |
v41 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde | |
v45 | Butane-2,3-diol | |
v53 | Hexanoic acid |
No. 1 | Volatile Compound | RI 2 | Relative Peak Area (Mean ± SD) 3 | ID 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RICE 5 | AOR | ROR | SCR | SFR | LFR | LPR | ||||
Carbohydrate metabolism | ||||||||||
Ethanol fermentation | ||||||||||
v1 | Acetaldehyde | <800 | ND 6a 7 | 0.723 ± 0.009c | 0.300 ± 0.006b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | B |
v4 | Ethyl acetate | 885 | 0.013 ± 0.002a | 0.438 ± 0.014f | 0.337 ± 0.007e | 0.092 ± 0.006d | 0.025 ± 0.003ab | 0.052 ± 0.005c | 0.031 ± 0.002b | A |
v8 | Ethanol | 931 | 0.080 ± 0.007a | 19.811 ± 0.558b | 31.903 ± 0.914c | 33.447 ± 1.427d | 0.466 ± 0.021a | 0.700 ± 0.021a | 0.167 ± 0.003a | A |
v40 | Acetic acid | 1454 | NDa | 0.058 ± 0.002c | 0.152 ± 0.005e | 0.038 ± 0.002b | 0.096 ± 0.006d | NDa | 0.485 ± 0.014f | A |
Butanediol fermentation | ||||||||||
v11 | Butane-2,3-dione | 971 | 0.187 ± 0.010b | NDa | NDa | 0.487 ± 0.017c | 1.259 ± 0.055e | 0.719 ± 0.022d | 0.165 ± 0.003b | A |
v30 | 3-Hydroxybutan-2-one | 1279 | 0.037 ± 0.002a | 0.069 ± 0.002ab | 0.270 ± 0.002b | 0.107 ± 0.004ab | 0.265 ± 0.012b | 12.172 ± 0.310d | 0.781 ± 0.024c | A |
v45 | Butane-2,3-diol | 1542 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 1.657 ± 0.073c | 0.163 ± 0.008b | NDa | A |
v47 | Butane-1,3-diol | 1579 | NDa | 0.257 ± 0.005c | NDa | NDa | 0.195 ± 0.010b | 0.507 ± 0.016d | NDa | A |
Amino acid metabolism | ||||||||||
Valine degradation | ||||||||||
v6 | 2-Methylbutanal | 909 | NDa | 1.485 ± 0.040c | 0.014 ± 0.003a | 0.070 ± 0.006b | 0.011 ± 0.000a | NDa | NDa | A |
v16 | Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 1050 | NDa | 0.110 ± 0.002b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
Leucine degradation | ||||||||||
v7 | 3-Methylbutanal | 913 | 0.011 ± 0.002a | 3.824 ± 0.106d | 0.108 ± 0.001b | 0.237 ± 0.008c | 0.125 ± 0.007b | NDa | NDa | A |
v21 | 3-Methylbutyl acetate | 1119 | NDa | NDa | 0.042 ± 0.002b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v25 | 3-Methylbutan-1-ol | 1211 | NDa | 14.935 ± 0.420c | 39.594 ± 1.129d | 1.298 ± 0.055b | 1.03 ± 0.045b | 0.036 ± 0.005a | 0.080 ± 0.001a | A |
v50 | 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 1683 | NDa | 1.314 ± 0.035d | NDa | NDa | 0.324 ± 0.015c | 0.191 ± 0.008b | NDa | A |
Isoleucine degradation | ||||||||||
v10 | Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate | 959 | NDa | 0.462 ± 0.011c | 0.204 ± 0.004b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v19 | 2-Methylpropan-1-ol | 1100 | NDa | 2.439 ± 0.067d | 2.359 ± 0.059c | 0.216 ± 0.009b | 0.032 ± 0.004a | NDa | 0.026 ± 0.002a | A |
v46 | 2-Methylpropanoic acid | 1575 | NDa | 0.368 ± 0.008b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
Benzenes | ||||||||||
v13 | Toluene | 1033 | 0.102 ± 0.019c | NDa | 0.146 ± 0.005d | 0.082 ± 0.003b | 0.260 ± 0.012e | 0.082 ± 0.006b | 0.110 ± 0.001c | A |
v20 | Ethylbenzene | 1115 | 0.027 ± 0.002bc | NDa | 0.064 ± 0.007d | NDa | 0.071 ± 0.005d | 0.024 ± 0.004b | 0.032 ± 0.002c | A |
v22 | 1,4-Xylene | 1130 | NDa | NDa | 0.046 ± 0.002b | NDa | 0.053 ± 0.005c | NDa | NDa | A |
v28 | Styrene | 1250 | 0.074 ± 0.004a | 0.068 ± 0.002a | 0.190 ± 0.004f | 0.145 ± 0.006e | 0.136 ± 0.007d | 0.088 ± 0.006b | 0.106 ± 0.001c | A |
v44 | Benzaldehyde | 1517 | 0.178 ± 0.010e | 0.083 ± 0.001c | 0.048 ± 0.008b | NDa | 0.107 ± 0.006d | NDa | 0.110 ± 0.001d | A |
v48 | 2-Phenylacetaldehyde | 1637 | NDa | 0.222 ± 0.004b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v49 | 1-Phenylethanone | 1645 | NDa | NDa | 0.039 ± 0.008b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v52 | Ethyl 2-phenylacetate | 1785 | NDa | 0.117 ± 0.002c | 0.035 ± 0.002b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v54 | 2-Phenylethanol | >1900 | NDa | 0.020 ± 0.002b | 0.455 ± 0.004e | 0.131 ± 0.005d | 0.038 ± 0.004c | NDa | NDa | B |
Sulfur-containing volatile compounds | ||||||||||
v17 | (methyldisulfanyl)Methane | 1065 | NDa | 0.114 ± 0.002d | NDa | NDa | 0.024 ± 0.004b | 0.023 ± 0.004b | 0.030 ± 0.002c | A |
Phenol | ||||||||||
v56 | 4-Ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol | >1900 | NDa | 0.021 ± 0.002b | 0.020 ± 0.003b | NDa | 0.048 ± 0.005c | 0.069 ± 0.005d | NDa | B |
Fatty acid metabolism | ||||||||||
Fatty Ketones | ||||||||||
v2 | Propan-2-one | 812 | 0.227 ± 0.014b | 1.040 ± 0.010f | 0.103 ± 0.001a | 0.270 ± 0.009c | 0.337 ± 0.015e | 0.316 ± 0.012d | 0.218 ± 0.005b | A |
v5 | Butan-2-one | 901 | 0.044 ± 0.002b | NDa | 0.372 ± 0.008f | 0.109 ± 0.006e | 0.106 ± 0.006e | 0.085 ± 0.006d | 0.068 ± 0.001c | A |
v12 | 3-Methylpentan-2-one | 1012 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.175 ± 0.009b | NDa | NDa | A |
v23 | 5-Methylhexan-2-one | 1136 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.02 ± 0.003b | NDa | NDa | A |
v27 | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-one | 1239 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.078 ± 0.006b | NDa | C |
v33 | 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one | 1334 | 0.033 ± 0.002a | 0.094 ± 0.001e | 0.051 ± 0.008bc | 0.045 ± 0.002b | 0.063 ± 0.005d | 0.037 ± 0.005a | 0.055 ± 0.001c | A |
v34 | 3-Hydroxypentan-2-one | 1337 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.060 ± 0.005b | 0.079 ± 0.006c | NDa | C |
v37 | Nonan-2-one | 1386 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.043 ± 0.004c | 0.012 ± 0.000b | NDa | A |
Fatty alcohols | ||||||||||
v15 | Propan-1-ol | 1041 | NDa | 0.447 ± 0.01c | 0.085 ± 0.007b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v24 | Butan-1-ol | 1150 | 0.081 ± 0.007c | 0.081 ± 0.001c | 0.069 ± 0.007b | 0.030 ± 0.002a | 0.159 ± 0.008e | 0.069 ± 0.005b | 0.121 ± 0.001d | A |
v29 | Pentan-1-ol | 1254 | 0.147 ± 0.009cd | 0.040 ± 0.002a | 0.151 ± 0.005d | 0.118 ± 0.005b | 0.138 ± 0.007c | 0.240 ± 0.010e | 0.246 ± 0.006e | A |
v32 | 3-Methylbut-2-en-1-ol | 1323 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.030 ± 0.004b | 0.027 ± 0.004b | NDa | C |
v35 | Hexan-1-ol | 1357 | 0.102 ± 0.011b | 0.321 ± 0.007e | 0.311 ± 0.002e | 0.069 ± 0.003a | 0.218 ± 0.011c | 0.501 ± 0.016f | 0.294 ± 0.007d | A |
v36 | 3-Ethoxypropan-1-ol | 1377 | NDa | NDa | 0.055 ± 0.008b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v39 | Oct-1-en-3-ol | 1454 | 0.029 ± 0.002b | 0.050 ± 0.002d | 0.035 ± 0.002c | 0.040 ± 0.002c | 0.058 ± 0.005e | 0.030 ± 0.004b | NDa | A |
v42 | 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol | 1493 | NDa | 0.044 ± 0.002cd | 0.056 ± 0.008e | 0.046 ± 0.002d | 0.099 ± 0.006f | 0.031 ± 0.004b | 0.038 ± 0.002bc | A |
Fatty esters | ||||||||||
v9 | Ethyl propanoate | 950 | NDa | 0.240 ± 0.005b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v14 | Ethyl butanoate | 1034 | NDa | 0.271 ± 0.005c | 0.251 ± 0.003b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
v55 | Ethyl tetradecanoate | >1900 | NDa | NDa | 0.051 ± 0.008b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | B |
v57 | Ethyl hexadecanoate | >1900 | NDa | 0.098 ± 0.001b | 0.321 ± 0.002c | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | B |
Fatty aldehydes | ||||||||||
v18 | Hexanal | 1076 | 1.305 ± 0.086d | 0.190 ± 0.003b | 0.242 ± 0.003b | 0.105 ± 0.004a | 0.249 ± 0.012b | 0.071 ± 0.005a | 0.201 ± 0.004b | A |
v31 | Octanal | 1284 | 0.026 ± 0.002c | NDa | NDa | 0.018 ± 0.001b | 0.029 ± 0.004d | NDa | NDa | A |
v38 | Nonanal | 1390 | 0.265 ± 0.017e | 0.182 ± 0.003c | 0.215 ± 0.003d | 0.192 ± 0.008c | 0.193 ± 0.01c | 0.051 ± 0.005a | 0.080 ± 0.001b | A |
v43 | Decanal | 1496 | NDa | 0.069 ± 0.002d | 0.040 ± 0.008c | NDa | NDa | 0.028 ± 0.004b | 0.025 ± 0.002b | A |
Fatty carboxylic acid | ||||||||||
v53 | Hexanoic acid | 1865 | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | 0.075 ± 0.001b | A |
Furans | ||||||||||
v3 | Oxolane | 855 | 0.137 ± 0.008d | NDa | NDa | 0.189 ± 0.007e | NDa | 0.037 ± 0.005b | 0.068 ± 0.001c | A |
v26 | 2-Pentylfuran | 1227 | 0.045 ± 0.002c | 0.089 ± 0.001f | 0.071 ± 0.007e | 0.036 ± 0.002ab | 0.062 ± 0.005d | 0.029 ± 0.004a | 0.040 ± 0.002bc | A |
v41 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde | 1459 | 0.021 ± 0.002b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
Lactone | ||||||||||
v51 | 5-Ethyloxolan-2-one | 1694 | NDa | NDa | 0.094 ± 0.007b | NDa | NDa | NDa | NDa | A |
AOR 3 | ROR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No.1 | r-Value 2 | Volatile Compound | No. | r-Value | Volatile Compound |
v16 | 1.00 | Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | v21 | 1.00 | 3-Methylbutyl acetate |
v48 | 1.00 | 2-Phenylacetaldehyde | v51 | 1.00 | 5-Ethyloxolan-2-one |
v9 | 1.00 | Ethyl propanoate | v36 | 0.99 | 3-Ethoxypropan-1-ol |
v46 | 1.00 | 2-Methylpropanoic acid | v55 | 0.99 | Ethyl tetradecanoate |
v6 | 1.00 | 2-Methylbutanal | v49 | 0.98 | 1-Phenylethanone |
v7 | 1.00 | 3-Methylbutanal | v54 | 0.96 | 2-Phenylethanol |
v15 | 0.98 | Propan-1-ol | v57 | 0.95 | Ethyl hexadecanoate |
v2 | 0.97 | Propan-2-one | v5 | 0.95 | Butan-2-one |
v50 | 0.97 | 3-Methylbutanoic acid | v25 | 0.93 | 3-Methylbutan-1-ol |
v52 | 0.95 | Ethyl 2-phenylacetate | v28 | 0.75 | Styrene |
v17 | 0.95 | (methyldisulfanyl)Methane | |||
v1 | 0.91 | Acetaldehyde | |||
v10 | 0.90 | Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate | |||
v33 | 0.88 | 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one | |||
v43 | 0.78 | Decanal | |||
v4 | 0.75 | Ethyl acetate | |||
v29 | −0.72 | Pentan-1-ol | |||
SPR | SCR | ||||
v12 | 1.00 | 3-Methylpentan-2-one | v3 | 0.93 | Oxolane |
v45 | 0.99 | Butane-2,3-diol | |||
v23 | 0.99 | 5-Methylhexan-2-one | |||
v37 | 0.96 | Nonan-2-one | |||
v42 | 0.93 | 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol | |||
v13 | 0.83 | Toluene | |||
v31 | 0.82 | Octanal | |||
v11 | 0.82 | Butane-2,3-dione | |||
v24 | 0.76 | Butan-1-ol | |||
v22 | 0.70 | 1,4-Xylene | |||
LFR | LPR | ||||
v30 | 1.00 | 3-Hydroxybutan-2-one | v53 | 1.00 | Hexanoic acid |
v27 | 1.00 | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-one | v40 | 0.96 | Acetic acid |
v47 | 0.83 | Butane-1,3-diol | |||
v56 | 0.76 | 4-Ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol | |||
v34 | 0.75 | 3-Hydroxypentan-2-one | |||
v35 | 0.74 | Hexan-1-ol |
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Park, M.K.; Kim, Y.-S. Distinctive Formation of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Rice Inoculated by Different Molds, Yeasts, and Lactic Acid Bacteria. Molecules 2019, 24, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112123
Park MK, Kim Y-S. Distinctive Formation of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Rice Inoculated by Different Molds, Yeasts, and Lactic Acid Bacteria. Molecules. 2019; 24(11):2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112123
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Min Kyung, and Young-Suk Kim. 2019. "Distinctive Formation of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Rice Inoculated by Different Molds, Yeasts, and Lactic Acid Bacteria" Molecules 24, no. 11: 2123. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112123