Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity

Molnar, Maja; Brahmbhatt, Harshad; Rastija, Vesna; Pavić, Valentina; Komar, Mario; Karnaš, Maja; Babić, Jurislav

doi:10.3390/molecules23081897

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Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity

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Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhaca 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

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Academic Editor: Jean-Marc Sabatier

Molecules 2018, 23(8), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081897

Received: 27 June 2018 / Revised: 16 July 2018 / Accepted: 27 July 2018 / Published: 29 July 2018

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Solvents)

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Abstract

A series of rhodanine derivatives was synthesized in the Knoevenagel condensation of rhodanine and different aldehydes using choline chloride:urea (1:2) deep eutectic solvent. This environmentally friendly and catalyst free approach was very effective in the condensation of rhodanine with commercially available aldehydes, as well as the ones synthesized in our laboratory. All rhodanine derivatives were subjected to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity investigation and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed to elucidate their structure-activity relationship. The best multiple linear QSAR model demonstrate a stability in the internal validation and Y-randomization (R² = 0.81; F = 24.225; Q²_loo = 0.72; R²_Yscr = 0.148). Sphericity of the molecule, ratio of symmetric atoms enhanced atomic mass along the principle axes in regard to total number of atoms in molecule, and 3D distribution of the atoms higher electronegativity (O, N, and S) in molecules are important characteristic for antioxidant ability of rhodanine derivatives. Molecular docking studies were carried out in order to explain in silico antioxidant studies, a specific protein tyrosine kinase (2HCK). The binding interactions of the most active compound have shown strong hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions with the target protein. View Full-Text

Keywords: rhodanine; deep eutectic solvents; Knoevenagel condensation; antioxidant activity; QSAR; molecular docking; tyrosinase

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Molnar, M.; Brahmbhatt, H.; Rastija, V.; Pavić, V.; Komar, M.; Karnaš, M.; Babić, J. Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2018, 23, 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081897

AMA Style

Molnar M, Brahmbhatt H, Rastija V, Pavić V, Komar M, Karnaš M, Babić J. Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules. 2018; 23(8):1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081897

Chicago/Turabian Style

Molnar, Maja, Harshad Brahmbhatt, Vesna Rastija, Valentina Pavić, Mario Komar, Maja Karnaš, and Jurislav Babić. 2018. "Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity" Molecules 23, no. 8: 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081897

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Environmentally Friendly Approach to Knoevenagel Condensation of Rhodanine in Choline Chloride: Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent and QSAR Studies on Their Antioxidant Activity

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