Self-Organized TiO2–MnO2 Nanotube Arrays for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morphology and Growth Mechanism
2.2. Structural Properties
2.3. Optical Properties
2.4. Photocatalytic Performance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of Pristine TiO2 and TiO2–MnO2 Nanotubes
3.3. Characterization of Pristine TiO2 and TiO2–MnO2 Nanotubes
3.4. Measurement of Photocatalytic Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Sample Label | Preparation Parameters | External Diameter (nm) | Tube Length (μm) | Wall Thickness (nm) | Average Crystallite Size (nm) | EDX Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrolyte, Applied Voltage | Ti (wt. %) | Mn (wt. %) | C (wt. %) | O (wt. %) | |||||
Ti_30V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 30 V | 81 ± 9 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 10 ± 2 | 33 | 71.47 | 0 | 0.19 | 28.34 |
Ti_40V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 100 ± 7 | 5 ± 0.4 | 13 ± 2 | 34 | 66.73 | 0 | 0.03 | 33.24 |
Ti_50V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 50 V | 120 ± 12 | 16.2 ± 0.2 | 18 ± 3 | 38 | 67.69 | 0 | 0.03 | 32.28 |
Ti90Mn10_30V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 30 V | 76 ± 9 | 1 ± 0.1 | 8 ± 3 | 31 | 76.15 | 8.91 | 0.01 | 14.83 |
Ti90Mn10_40V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 92 ± 8 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 9 ± 3 | 32 | 82.73 | 7.77 | 0.01 | 9.51 |
Ti90Mn10_50V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 50 V | 118 ± 4 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 9 ± 2 | 34 | 68.79 | 6.46 | 0.03 | 24.72 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_2% | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 94 ± 11 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 9 ± 2 | 31 | 77.20 | 11.14 | 0.01 | 11.67 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_5% | EG 95% (v/v), H2O 5% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 90 ± 7 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 9 ± 2 | 35 | 79.94 | 12.40 | 0.01 | 7.66 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_10% | EG 90% (v/v), H2O 10% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 115 ± 8 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 11 ± 2 | 34 | 61.76 | 9.11 | 1.18 | 27.95 |
Ti95Mn5_40V | EG 98% (v/v), H2O 2% (v/v), NH4F 0.09 M, 40 V | 94 ± 8 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 9 ± 1 | 32 | 70.89 | 2.10 | 0.03 | 27.00 |
Sample Label | Photocatalytic Toluene Degradation | |
---|---|---|
Initial Reaction Rate × 102 (μmol·dm−3·min−1) | Reaction Rate Constant × 103 (min−1) | |
Ti_30V | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 0.42 ± 0.10 |
Ti_40V | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.49 ± 0.10 |
Ti_50V | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.04 |
Ti90Mn10_30V | 8.54 ± 0.53 | 9.57 ± 0.59 |
Ti90Mn10_40V | 4.97 ± 0.30 | 5.57 ± 0.33 |
Ti90Mn10_50V | 6.04 ± 0.08 | 6.77 ± 0.09 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_2% | 4.18 ± 0.77 | 4.69 ± 0.87 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_5% | 3.79 ± 0.43 | 4.24 ± 0.48 |
Ti85Mn15_40V_10% | 5.84 ± 1.61 | 6.54 ± 1.81 |
Ti95Mn5_40V | 5.76 ± 0.12 | 6.45 ± 0.14 |
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Nevárez-Martínez, M.C.; Kobylański, M.P.; Mazierski, P.; Wółkiewicz, J.; Trykowski, G.; Malankowska, A.; Kozak, M.; Espinoza-Montero, P.J.; Zaleska-Medynska, A. Self-Organized TiO2–MnO2 Nanotube Arrays for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene. Molecules 2017, 22, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040564
Nevárez-Martínez MC, Kobylański MP, Mazierski P, Wółkiewicz J, Trykowski G, Malankowska A, Kozak M, Espinoza-Montero PJ, Zaleska-Medynska A. Self-Organized TiO2–MnO2 Nanotube Arrays for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene. Molecules. 2017; 22(4):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040564
Chicago/Turabian StyleNevárez-Martínez, María C., Marek P. Kobylański, Paweł Mazierski, Jolanta Wółkiewicz, Grzegorz Trykowski, Anna Malankowska, Magda Kozak, Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero, and Adriana Zaleska-Medynska. 2017. "Self-Organized TiO2–MnO2 Nanotube Arrays for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene" Molecules 22, no. 4: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040564