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Article

Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids

by
Mostafa M. Ghorab
1,2,*,
Mansour S. Alsaid
1,
Mohammed S. Al-Dosari
1,
Marwa G. El-Gazzar
2 and
Mohammad K. Parvez
1
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2016, 21(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020189
Submission received: 18 December 2015 / Revised: 27 January 2016 / Accepted: 29 January 2016 / Published: 4 February 2016
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
By combining the structural features of quinazoline and sulfonamides, novel hybrid compounds 2–21 were synthesized using a simple and convenient method. Evaluation of these compounds against different cell lines identified compounds 7 and 17 as most active anticancer agents as they showed effectiveness on the four tested cell lines. The anticancer screening results of the tested compounds provides an encouraging framework that could lead to the development of potent new anticancer agents.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Cancer continues to be a leading health problem in developed as well as developing countries. It has become the number one killer due to various worldwide factors [1,2,3,4,5]. This enormous incidence of cancer has increased the urgency of the search for the latest, safer and efficacious anticancer agents, aiming at the prevention or the cure of this illness [6,7,8]. In the efforts to identify various chemical substances which may serve as leads for designing novel anticancer agents, nitrogen- and sulfur- containing heterocycles are of particular interest [9,10,11]. Quinazoline and sulfonamide moieties have been identified as classes of cancer chemotherapeutic agents with significant therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors. In recent years, quinazolines, as an important pharmacophore, have emerged as a versatile template for inhibition of a diverse range of receptor tyrosine kinases [12,13,14,15,16]. The most widely studied of these is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with the small-molecule inhibitor gefitinib being the first quinazoline derivative to be approved for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [17,18,19,20,21]. Subsequent research aimed at further exploration of the SAR of this novel template has led to discovery of highly selective compounds that target EGFR such as erlotinib, lapatinib, canertinib and vandetanib [22,23,24] (Figure 1). These compounds act via competing with ATP for binding at the catalytic domain of tyrosine kinase. Later on, a great structural variety of compounds of structurally diverse classes have proved to be highly potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitors [25,26,27,28]. Based on the good performances of quinazoline derivatives in anticancer applications, the development of novel quinazoline derivatives as anticancer drugs is a promising field.
Varied biological activities have been attributed to sulfonamide compounds, including carbonic anhydrase inhibition, antitumoral, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities [29,30,31]. In the design of new drugs, the development of hybrid molecules through the combination of different pharmacophores may lead to compounds with interesting biological profiles [32]. In view of the abovementioned knowledge about different pharmacophores and in continuation of our research programme [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45], we have now synthesized quinazoline-sulfonamide hybrids to obtain a single molecular framework incorporating both moieties. These hybrid molecules consist of a planar heterocyclic ring (quinazoline) with a hydrophobic phenyl ring at position-2 as a central core that can act as a scaffold to carry a functionalized branch at position-4, in such a way to accommodate a sulfonamide moiety (Figure 2). Introduction of the benzensulfonamide amino group at position-4 will add a new hydrogen bond donor, a very much needed characteristic for the desired activity [46]. These compounds were then screened for their in vitro anticancer activity against various cell lines.
Molecules 21 00189 g001 550
Figure 1. EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Figure 1. EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Molecules 21 00189 g001
Molecules 21 00189 g002 550
Figure 2. The designed quinazoline-sulfonamide hybrids.
Figure 2. The designed quinazoline-sulfonamide hybrids.
Molecules 21 00189 g002

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The aim of this work was to design and synthesize novel quinazoline-sulfonamide hybrids to evaluate their anticancer activity. Thus, interaction of 4-chloro-2-phenylquinazoline (1) with several sulfonamides in dry N,N-dimethylformamide afforded the corresponding quinazoline-sulfonamide derivatives 2–18 (Scheme 1). The structures of the formed compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data. Thus, the IR spectra of compounds 2–18 showed absorption bands for (NH), (CH aromatic), (CH aliphatic), (C=N) and (SO2) functional groups. The 1H-NMR spectra exhibited singlets assigned to the NH group which were exchanged upon deuteration. Also, interaction of compound 1 with sulfanilamide in dimethylformamide in the presence of anhydrous K2CO3 furnished 4-amino-N-(2-phenylquinazoline-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide (19, Scheme 2), this reaction proceeded through salt formation of the acidic amino group of sulfonamide (SO2NH2) which further reacted with the chloro group of the quinazoline to yield compound 19.
Molecules 21 00189 g003 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic pathways for compounds 2–18.
Scheme 1. Synthetic pathways for compounds 2–18.
Molecules 21 00189 g003
Molecules 21 00189 g004 550
Scheme 2. Synthetic pathways for compounds 19–21.
Scheme 2. Synthetic pathways for compounds 19–21.
Molecules 21 00189 g004
The IR spectrum of compound 19 showed characteristic bands at 3412, 3209 cm−1 (NH, NH2), 3084 cm−1 (CH aromatic) 1635 cm−1 (C=N), 1375, 1134 cm−1 (SO2). The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 19 exhibited signals at 7.0 ppm due to the NH2 group, which exchangeable with D2O, and a singlet at 11.9 ppm assigned to the NH group which was exchangeable with D2O. The mass spectrum of compound 19 revealed a molecular ion peak m/z at of 376[M+] (11.64). In addition, by interaction of compound 1 with dapsone in 1:1 molar ratio, N-(4-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine (20) was formed, while, an additional mole of 2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine was introduced to give the bis-compound 21 under the same reaction conditions but using a 2:1 molar ratio. The structures of compounds 20 and 21 were confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data. The IR spectrum of compound 20 revealed characteristic bands at 3375, 3257, (NH, NH2), 1664 (C=O), 1618 (C=N), 1389, 1140 (SO2). The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 20 exhibited signals at 5.9 ppm due to a NH2 group, which was exchangeable with D2O, and a singlet at 10.1 ppm assigned to a NH group which was exchangeable with D2O. The mass spectrum of compound 20 revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 453 [M+] (13.72). The IR spectrum of 21 showed characteristic bands at 3367 (2NH), 1622 (2C=N), 1375, 1181 (SO2). The 1H-NMR spectrum of 21 revealed signals at 10.1 ppm corresponding to two NH groups which were exchangeable with D2O. The mass spectrum of compound 21 showed a molecular ion peak at m/z 657 [M+] (32.18); this increase in the mass demonstrated the introduction of the second mole of dapsone.

2.2. In-Vitro Anticancer Evaluation

The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against human lung cancer cell line (A549), cervical (HeLa) cancer cell line, colorectal cell line (LoVo) and breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) using doxorubicin as reference drug. The relationship between surviving fraction and drug concentration was plotted to obtain the survival curves of the cancer cell lines. The response parameter calculated was the IC50 value, which corresponds to the concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell viability. The results are presented in Table 1, where all compounds exhibit moderate activity compared to doxorubicin as positive control.
Table
Table 1. In vitro anticancer screening of the synthesized compounds against four cell lines. Data are expressed as IC50 (µM) ± SD (n = 3).
Table 1. In vitro anticancer screening of the synthesized compounds against four cell lines. Data are expressed as IC50 (µM) ± SD (n = 3).
Cpd. No.A549 (Lung Cancer Cells)HeLa (Cervical)LoVo (Colorectal Cancer Cells)MDA-MB-231 (Breast Cancer Cells)
2134.9 ± 0.40NA94.9 ± 0.7858.2 ± 1.76
3113.5 ± 1.10221.1 ± 1.2280.5 ± 0.8751.4 ± 1.32
4129.4 ± 0.71187.7 ± 1.1061.7 ± 1.3136.4 ± 0.34
5NANA212.8 ± 0.78NA
6NANA217.0 ± 1.11NA
777.8 ± 0.5491.5 ± 0.4196.5 ± 0.3477.9 ± 0.36
8130.4 ± 0.67284.6 ± 1.03160.1 ± 0.9097.4 ± 1.40
9NANA182.5 ± 0.33NA
10NANA125.4 ± 0.88154.1 ± 1.12
11NANA54.2 ± 0.92NA
12NANA58.6 ±0.50NA
13NANA112.9 ± 0.35NA
14NANA101.7 ± 0.6793.9 ± 0.45
15NANA61.5 ± 0.01NA
16NANA65.5 ± 1.65NA
17161.6 ± 0.7887.6 ± 1.0097.3 ± 0.2342.8 ± 1.09
18NA276.0 ± 1.01132.0 ± 1.04NA
19NANA146.4 ± 1.34NA
20NA251.6 ± 0.9872.5 ± 0.26NA
21NA189.8 ± 1.1273.1 ± 1.54NA
Doxorubicin283.5 ± 0.01120.7 ± 0.09374.4 ± 1.0026.5 ± 0.54
NA = Not Active.
In the case of the human lung cancer cell line (A549) compounds 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 17 were the most potent, with IC50 values ranging from 77.8–161.6 µM, lower than the reference. On the other hand, the tested compounds showed low activity on the HeLa cell line where he most potent were the sulfonamide derivatives 7 and 17 (IC50 = 91.5 and 87.6 µM, respectively). In case of the colorectal cell line LoVo, all compounds showed excellent activity and were found to be more active than doxorubicin. Moderate activity was observed for the synthesized compounds on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, where the most potent candidates were compounds 2–4, 7, 8, 10, 14 and 17, which all showed lower activity than the reference drug doxorubicin. Generally, the colorectal (LoVo) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines were the most sensitive to the synthesized compounds. With regard to broad spectrum anticancer activity, close examination of the data presented in Table 1, reveals that compounds 7 and 17 were the most active, showing effectiveness toward the four cell lines.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All analyses were done at the Research Center, King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Melting points (uncorrected) were determined in open capillaries on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus (Sanyo Gallenkamp, Southborough, UK). Precoated silica gel plates (Kieselgel 0.25 mm, 60 F254, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for thin layer chromatography. A developing solvent system of 4:1 chloroform/methanol was used and the spots were detected by ultraviolet light. IR spectra (KBr discs) were recorded using an FT-IR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). 1H-NMR spectra were scanned on NMR spectrometer (Bruker AXS Inc., Flawil, Switzerland), operating at 500 MHz for 1H- and 125.76 MHz for 13C. Chemical shifts are expressed in δ-values (ppm) relative to TMS as an internal standard, using DMSO-d6 as a solvent. Mass spectra were recorded on a 600 GC/MS (Clarus, Middletown, CT, USA) and TQ 320 GC/MS/MS mass spectrometers (Varian, West Sussex, UK). Elemental analyses were done on a model 2400 CHNSO analyser (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). All the values were within ± 0.4% of the theoretical values. All reagents used were of AR grade. The starting material 4-chloro-2-phenylquinazoline was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) and was directly used for the preparation of target compounds. Spectroscopic data of the synthesized compounds can be accessed as supplementary materials.

3.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Sulfonamide Derivatives 2–18

A mixture of 4-chloro-2-phenylquinazoline (1, 2.42 g, 0.01 mol) and sulfonamides (0.012 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (10 mL) was refluxed for 22 h., then left to cool. The solid product formed upon pouring onto ice/water was collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol-dimethylformamide to give 2–18, respectively.
4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (2). Yield, 89%; m.p. 209.3 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3196, 3169, 3136 (NH, NH2), 3061 (CH arom.), 1670, 1602 (2C=N), 1394, 1190 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.4–8.5 (m, 15H, Ar-H + SO2NH2), 9.7 (s, 1H, NH exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 114.4 (2), 121.4, 125.6, 126.3 (2), 127.0, 127.9, 128.3 (2), 128.8 (2), 129.2, 130.4, 131.1, 133.0, 139.1, 149.2, 152.7, 160.2. MS m/z (%): 376 (M+) (23.42), 74 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C20H16N4O2S (376): C, 63.81; H, 4. 28; N, 14.88. Found: C, 63.53; H, 4.50; N, 14.49.
N-(4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)phenylsulfonyl)acetamide (3). Yield, 91%; m.p. 243.5 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3412, 3269 (NH), 3100 (CH arom.), 2956, 2843 (CH aliph.), 1667 (C=O), 1602, 1571 (2C=N), 1344, 1189 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 1.9 (s, 3H, COCH3), 7.3–8.7 (m, 14H, Ar-H + SO2NH), 12.5 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 23.6, 121.4 (2), 126.3, 126.8, 127.0 (2), 127.8 (2), 128.2 (2), 129.0, 129.1 (2), 131.8 (2), 133.1, 135.0, 149.0 (2), 152.8, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 418 (M+) (41.31), 122 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C22H18N4O3S (418): C, 63.14; H, 4. 34; N, 13.39. Found: C, 63.43; H, 4.10; N, 13.69.
N-Carbamimidoyl-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (4). Yield, 78%; m.p. 314.4 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3425, 3329, 3186 (NH, NH2), 3100 (CH arom.), 2928,2868 (CH aliph.), 1669, 1618, 1601 (C=N), 1397,1169 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.7 (s, 2H, NH2, exchangeable with D2O), 7.1, 8.4 (m, 14H, Ar-H + SO2NH), 8.6 (s, 1H, NH imino, exchangeable with D2O) ,10.1 (s, 1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 114.4 (2), 121.4, 123.6, 126.3 (2), 127.0, 128.2, 128.4 (2), 129.0 (2), 131.0, 131.8, 133.1, 134.1, 139.5, 142.3, 158.2, 159.3, 162.7.MS m/z (%): 418 (M+) (25.4), 76 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C21H18N6O2S (418): C, 60.27; H, 4. 34; N, 20.08. Found: C, 60.55; H, 4.09; N, 20.31.
N-(3-Methylisoxazol-5-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (5). Yield, 83%; m.p. 133.4 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3323, 3196 (NH), 3061 (CH arom.), 2927, 2871 (CH aliph.), 1670, 1622, 1600 (C=N), 1357,1143 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 2.2 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.8 (s, 1H, CH isoxazole), 7.1–8.6 (m, 13H, Ar-H),10.2 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O),12.5 (s,1H,NH exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6):10.9, 98.3, 114.5 (2), 114.7, 123.5, 126.3 (2), 126.6, 127.0, 128.2 (2), 128.9, 130.5 (2), 131.8, 132.7, 135.0, 141.6, 149.2, 158.1, 159.3, 162.7, 163.2. MS m/z (%): 458 (M+) (24.54), 81 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C24H19N5O3S (458): C, 63.01; H, 4. 19; N, 15.31. Found: C, 63.29; H, 4.45; N, 15.61.
N-(3,4-Dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl-amino)benzenesulfonamide (6). Yield, 77%; m.p. 114.0 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3323, 3196 (NH), 3061 (CH arom.), 2927,2819 (CH aliph.), 1670, 1624 (C=N), 1373,1143 (SO2).1 H-NMR (DMSO-d6):2.6, 2.7 (2s, 6H, 2CH3), 7.3, 8.6 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 1H,SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.5 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.8, 10.8, 101.8, 114.5 (2), 114.7, 124.7, 126.6 (2), 127.2, 128.2, 128.6(2), 128.9, 129.0 (2), 130.5, 131.5, 132.7, 143.0, 149.2, 158.1, 159.3, 162.7, 163.2.MS m/z (%): 472 (M+) (4.7), 65 (100). Anal.Calcd. For C25H21N5O3S (472): C, 63.68; H, 4. 49; N, 14.85. Found: C, 63.37; H, 4.27; N, 14.59.
N-(1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (7). Yield, 89%; m.p. 232.6 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3196, 3134 (NH), 3064 (CH arom.), 1670, 1602 (C=N), 1340, 1190 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.4–8.5 (m, 20H, Ar-H), 12.5 (s, 1H, SO2NH + NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 97.9, 115.2 (2), 121.4, 126.3 (2), 127.0 (2), 127.9, 128.2 (2), 128.3, 128.4, 128.7 (2), 128.9 (2), 129.0, 131.8 (2), 131.8, 133.2 (2), 135.0 (2), 149.2, 152.7, 162.7 (2). MS m/z (%): 519 (M+) (4.43), 103 (100). Anal.Calcd. For C29H22N6O2S (519): C, 67.17; H, 4. 28; N, 16.21. Found: C, 67.48; H, 4.52; N, 16.50.
4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (8). Yield, 79%; m.p. 146.7 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3487, 3381 (NH), 3084 (CH arom.), 1622, 1599 (C=N), 1358, 1178 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.8–8.6 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s,1H,SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.7 (s, 1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O).13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 108.5, 114.5 (2), 121.6, 124.9, 126.3 (2), 126.7, 127.0, 128.2 (2), 128.8, 130.9 (2), 131.8, 133.1, 133.9, 136.8, 143.2, 151.0, 158.1, 162.7, 169.1. MS m/z (%): 460 (M+) (9.59), 93 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C23H17N5O2S2 (460): C, 60.11; H, 3.73; N, 15.24. Found: C, 60.43; H, 3.44; N, 15.50.
N-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (9). Yield, 80%; m.p. 188.9 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3412, 3349 (NH), 3061 (CH arom.), 2923, 2859 (CH aliph.), 1622, 1600 (C=N), 1358,1184 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 2.4 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.3–8.6 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s,1H,SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.9 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 16.5, 114.5 (2), 114.6, 124.9 (2), 126.3, 126.7, 127.9, 128.4, 129.0 (2), 130.7 (2), 131.8, 133.0, 134.0, 138.5, 143.6, 149.2, 152.7, 158.1, 168.2. MS m/z (%): 474 (M+) (20.8), 163 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C23H18N6O2S2 (474): C, 58.51; H, 3.82; N, 17.71. Found: C, 58.19; H, 3.58; N, 17.49.
4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-N-(pyridine-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (10). Yield, 91%; m.p. 232.1 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3365, 3209 (NH), 3067 (CH arom.), 1635, 1600 (C=N), 1355, 1134 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.9–8.5 (m, 17H, Ar-H), 10.3 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 11.8 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 114.0, 114.5 (2), 116.4, 121.4, 123.5, 126.4 (2), 127.0, 127.9, 128.3 (2), 129.0, 130.8 (2), 131.8, 132.7, 133.3, 135.9, 140.5, 149.2, 151.0, 153.4, 159.3, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 454 (M+) (28.2), 79 (100). Anal.Calcd. For C25H19N5O2S (454): C, 66.21; H, 4. 22; N, 15.24. Found: C, 66.43; H, 4.52; N, 15.55.
4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (11). Yield, 85%; m.p. 251.9 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3167, 3129 (NH), 3084 (CH arom.), 1635 (C=O), 1683, 1600 (C=N), 1392, 1159 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.9–8.5 (m, 16H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.5 (s, 1H, NH exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 114.5, 114.7 (2), 116.2, 124.7, 126.7 (2), 127.0, 128.2, 129.7 (2), 130.5, 130.9 (2), 131.8, 132.7, 133.1, 144.0, 149.2, 158.1 (2), 159.3, 162.7, 163.2. MS m/z (%): 455 (M+) (29.0), 158 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C24H18N6O2S (455): C, 63.42; H, 3.99; N, 18.49. Found: C, 63.14; H, 4.32; N, 18.12.
N-(4-Methylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (12). Yield, 78%; m.p. 261.1 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3386, 3330 (NH), 3034 (CH arom.), 2962, 2870 (CH aliph.), 1624, 1599 (C=N), 1356,1147 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 2.3 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.9–8.5 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 11.7 (s, 1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6):23.7, 112.5, 114.5 (2), 115.3, 124.7, 126.5 (2), 127.0, 128.2, 128.4 (2), 129.0, 130.5 (2), 131.8, 132.8, 133.1, 143.9, 149.2, 152.7, 157.1, 162.7, 163.1, 168.7. MS m/z (%): 469 (M+) (4.36), 171 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C25H20N6O2S (469): C, 64.09; H, 4.30; N, 17.94. Found: C, 64.30; H, 4.59; N, 17.68.
N-(4,6-Dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (13). Yield, 90%; m.p. 232.8 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3365, 3196 (NH), 3064 (CH arom.), 2954, 2861 (CH aliph.), 1670, 1618, 1597 (C=N), 1355,1155 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 2.3 (s, 6H, 2CH3), 6.7 (s, 1H CH pyrimidine), 7.1–8.6 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 10.0 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.5 (s,1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 24.3 (2), 114.5, 114.7 (2), 121.0, 124.8, 126.7 (2), 127.0, 127.9, 128.3, 128.7 (2), 129.5 (2), 130.3, 131.8, 133.1, 138.3, 149.2, 151.0, 159.3 (2), 162.7, 163.2. MS m/z (%): 483 (M+) (28.71), 109 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C26H22N6O2S (483): C, 64.71; H, 4. 60; N, 17.42. Found: C, 64.45; H, 4.29; N, 17.70.
N-(5-Methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (14). Yield, 84%; m.p. 264.6 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3423, 3221 (NH), 3100 (CH arom.), 2979, 2865 (CH aliph.), 1664, 1618, 1600 (C=N), 1356, 1161 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 3.7 (s, 3H, OCH3), 7.5–8.6 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 10.3 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 11.4 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 56.7, 112.6 (2), 114.5, 126.3, 126.7, 127.9 (2), 128.3, 128.7 (2), 128.8, 129.3 (2), 130.9, 131.8, 134.6, 138.0 (2), 143.9, 145.0, 149.2, 158.1, 159.3, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 485 (M+) (21.87), 74 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C25H20N6O3S (485): C, 61.97; H, 4.16; N, 17.34. Found: C, 61.66; H, 4.33; N, 17.60.
N-(2,6-Dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (15). Yield, 87%; m.p. 367.8 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3221, 3169 (NH), 3057 (CH arom.), 2980, 2850 (CH aliph.), 1670, 1618, 1602 (C=N), 1388,1147 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 3.72, 3.79 (2s, 6H, 2OCH3), 6.1 (s, 1H, CH pyrimidine), 7.3–8.8 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 10.0 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 11.4 (s, 1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 55.6 (2), 84.3, 114.4 (2), 121.4, 123.6, 126.7 (2), 127.0, 127.9, 128.4 (2), 129.9, 130.9 (2), 131.8, 133.1, 135.0, 142.9, 149.1, 156.0, 159.3, 161.7, 162.6, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 515 (M+) (5.19), 154 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C26H22N6O4S (515): C, 60.69; H, 4.31; N, 16.33. Found: C, 60.40; H, 4.62; N, 16.03.
N-(5,6-Dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl-amino)benzenesulfonamide (16). Yield, 79%; m.p. 139.0 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3360, 3192 (NH), 3059 (CH arom.), 2941, 2863 (CH aliph.), 1670, 1602 (C=N), 1328, 1188 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 3.73, 3.74 (2s, 6H, 2OCH3), 7.2–8.2 (m, 14H, Ar-H), 8.5 (s, 1H, CH pyrimidine), 10.1 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.5 (s, 1H,NH, exchangeable with D2O).13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 59.4 (2), 114.5 (2), 114.6, 125.0, 126.5 (2), 127.9, 128.2, 128.4 (2), 129.0, 130.2 (2), 130.6, 131.8, 133.1, 134.0, 143.9, 147.2, 152.7, 158.2, 159.3, 162.7, 162.8. MS m/z (%): 515 (M+) (28.12), 168 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C26H22N6O4S (515): C, 60.69; H, 4.31; N, 16.33. Found: C, 60.44; H, 4.04; N, 16.09.
N-(1H-Indazol-6-yl)-4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide (17). Yield, 89%; m.p. 149.9 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3192, 3134 (NH), 3062 (CH arom.), 1635, 1624, 1600 (C=N), 1375, 1149 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 6.9–8.4 (m, 17H, Ar-H), 8.5, 10.1 (2s, 2H, SO2NH + NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.9 (s, 1H, NH pyrazole, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 100.5, 114.5, 114.8, 115.4 (2), 120.2, 121.3, 124.7, 126.3 (2), 127.0, 127.9, 128.2 (2), 128.6, 130.5 (2), 130.8, 131.8, 132.7, 133.2, 140.8, 144.0, 151.0, 158.3, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 493 (M+) (30.31), 117 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C27H20N6O2S (493): C, 65.84; H, 4.09; N, 17.06. Found: C, 65.46; H, 4.30; N, 17.29.
4-(2-Phenylquinazolin-4-ylamino)-N-(quinoxalin2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (18). Yield, 76%; m.p. 154.8 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3194, 3134 (NH), 3059 (CH arom.), 1670, 1600 (C=N), 1338, 1161 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.4–8.6 (m, 18H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O), 12.5 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 114.5 (2), 114.6, 121.4, 123.5, 124.9, 126.3 (2), 126.5, 127.0, 127.7, 127.9, 128.2 (2), 128.7, 129.0, 129.2, 130.6, 130.9, 133.1, 134.0, 135.0, 138.4, 144.3, 146.6, 152.7, 162.7, 163.2. MS m/z (%): 505 (M+) (26.73), 175 (100). Anal.Calcd. For C28H20N6O2S (505): C, 66.65; H, 4.00; N, 16.66. Found: C, 66.93; H, 4.31; N, 16.34.
4-Amino-N-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (19). A mixture of compound 1 (2.42 g, 0.01 mol), sulfanilamide (1.72 g, 0.01 mol) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 0.01 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (15 mL) was refluxed for 18 h. The obtained solid was recrystallized from dioxane to give 19. Yield, 68%; m.p. 245.9 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3394, 3209 (NH, NH2), 3059 (CH arom.), 1635, 1608 (C=N), 1375, 1134 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.0 (s, 2H, NH2, exchangeable with D2O), 7.5–9.0 (m, 13H, Ar-H], 11.9 [s, 1H, SO2NH, exchangeable with D2O]. 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 113.2 (2), 116.6, 124.4, 126.3 (2), 127.7, 127.8, 128.7 (2), 129.2, 129.8 (2), 131.7, 132.4, 132.8, 141.6, 157.7, 159.9, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 376 (M+) (22.25), 155 (100). Anal.Calcd. For C20H16N4O2S (376): C, 63.81; H, 4.28; N, 14.88. Found: C, 63.54; H, 4.01; N, 14.56.
N-(4-(4-Aminophenylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine (20). A mixture of 1 (2.42 g, 0.01 mol) and dapsone (2.48 g, 0.01 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (10 mL) was refluxed for 12 h. The obtained solid while hot was recrystallized from dioxane to give 20. Yield, 77%; m.p. 116.8 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3415, 3375(NH, NH2), 3059 (CH arom.), 1618, 1595 (C=N), 1369, 1140 (SO2).1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 5.9 (s, 2H, NH2, exchangeable with D2O), 6.5–8.6 (m, 17H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 113.3 (2), 114.4 (2), 114.5, 122.9, 125.7 (2), 126.3, 127.0, 128.1 (2), 129.2 (4), 129.7, 130.2 (2), 131.8, 133.0, 143.8, 149.2, 152.7, 159.7, 162.7. MS m/z (%): 453 (M+) (32.53), 92 (100). Anal. Calcd. For C26H20N4O2S (453): C, 69.01; H, 4.45; N, 12.28. Found: C, 69.32; H, 4.71; N, 12.49.
N,N′-(4,4′-Sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene)bis(2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine) (21). A mixture of 1 (4.84 g, 0.02 mol) and dapsone (2.48 g, 0.01 mol) in dry dimethylformamide (10 mL) was refluxed for 18 h. The obtained solid while hot was recrystallized from acetic acid to give 21. Yield, 68%; m.p. 197.9 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3367, 3195 (NH), 3060 (CH arom.), 1622, 1597 (C=N), 1385, 1181 (SO2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.4–8.6 (m, 26H, Ar-H), 10.1 (s, 2H, 2NH, exchangeable with D2O). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 113.4 (4), 114.5 (2), 126.3 (2), 126.8 (2), 127.9 (4), 128.2 (2), 128.6 (4), 129.7 (4), 131.8 (2), 133.1 (2), 134.0(2), 135.0 (2), 143.8 (2), 149.2 (2), 153.9 (2), 158.1 (2). MS m/z (%): 657 (M+) (9.30), 271(100). Anal. Calcd. For C40H28N6O2S (657): C, 73.15; H, 4.30; N, 12.80. Found: C, 73.37; H, 4.66; N, 13.09.

3.3. In-Vitro Anticancer Evaluation

3.3.1. Cell Culture

Human cancer cell lines HeLa (cervical), A549 (lungs) and LoVo (colorectal) were grown in DMEM + GlutaMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and MDA-MB-231 (breast) were grown in DMEM-F12 + GlutaMax) medium (Invitrogen), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated bovine serum (Gibco) and penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) at 37 °C in a humified chamber with 5% CO2 supply.

3.3.2. Cytotoxicity Assay

The in vitro anticancer screening was done at Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Cells were seeded (105 cells/well) in 96-well flat-bottom plates (Becton-Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) a day before treatment and grown overnight. Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma) and finally prepared as 1.0 mg/mL stocks, respectively in the culture media. The final concentration of DMSO never exceeded 0.1% in the treatment doses. Six different doses of compounds (400, 200, 100, 50, 25 and 10 µM) were further prepared by diluting the stocks in culture media, and cells were treated (in triplicate/dose). Doxorubicin was included as standard reference drug (positive control) and untreated culture was considered as negative control. The cultures were further incubated for 48 hrs. At 48 h post-treatment, cell viability test was performed using TACS MTT Cell Proliferation and Viability Assay Kit (TACS) as per manufacturer’s instructions. The optical density (OD) was recorded at 570 nm in a microplate reader (ELx800, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) and cell survival fraction was determined. The cell survival fraction was calculated as [(A − B)/A], where A and B are the OD of untreated and of treated cells, respectively. The relation between surviving fraction and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after the specified time. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) was calculated and compared with the reference drug doxorubicin and the results are given in Table 1. Surviving curves for doxorubicin can be accessed as supplementary materials.

4. Conclusions

In this work, novel quinazoline-sulfonamide hybrids were synthesized and their in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated on four human cancer cell lines, among the tested compounds, two candidates (compounds 7 and 17) showed effectiveness on the four cell lines, the active compounds could be considered as useful templates for further development to obtain more potent anticancer agent(s).

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/21/2/189/s1.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research Group Project No. RGP-VPP-302.

Author Contributions

M.M.G. suggested the research idea, contributed in the experimental work and in writing the paper. M.S.A. contributed in the experimental work, the biological activity and in writing the paper. M.S.A.-D., M.K.P. contributed in the biological activity. M.G.E.-G. contributed in the experimental work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Not available.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ghorab, M.M.; Alsaid, M.S.; Al-Dosari, M.S.; El-Gazzar, M.G.; Parvez, M.K. Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids. Molecules 2016, 21, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020189

AMA Style

Ghorab MM, Alsaid MS, Al-Dosari MS, El-Gazzar MG, Parvez MK. Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids. Molecules. 2016; 21(2):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020189

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghorab, Mostafa M., Mansour S. Alsaid, Mohammed S. Al-Dosari, Marwa G. El-Gazzar, and Mohammad K. Parvez. 2016. "Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids" Molecules 21, no. 2: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020189

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